Definitions

• Alveoli 


  small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provides a large surface area for gas exchange
• Amylases


  a class of enzyme that hydrolyse polysaccharides
• Antiporter 


  a membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions
• Aorta 


  the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure
• Arteriole 


  a small type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries
• Artery 


  A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
• Atrium 


  A chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it onto a ventricle
• Bile salts


  Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown
• Bronchi 


  The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles
• Bronchioles

  small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli
• Capillary 


  A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues
• Capillary bed 


  A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissue with blood
• Coronary artery


  The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood
• Co-Transport 


  A membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane
• Diaphragm 


  A Large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation
• Endopeptidase 


  A class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds within polypeptides
• Exopeptidases 


  A class of enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of proteins
• External intercostal muscles 


  A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation
• Gill Filaments 


  small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch
• Gill Lamellae 


  small protrusion on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange
• Haemoglobin

  A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissue
• Internal intercostal muscles 


  a set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that are involved in forced exhalation.
• Left atrium 


  the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle
• Left ventricle 


  the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body
• Lipase 


  A class of enzyme that hydrolyses lipids
• Membrane bound dipeptidases 


  enzyme found within membranes that hydrolyses dipeptides into singular amino acids
• Membrane bound disaccharides 


  Enzyme found within membranes that hydrolyse disaccharides into monosaccharides
• Micelles


  An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids
• Phloem


  A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed
• Positive cooperativity

  Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increases the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen
• Pulmonary artery 


  The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for deoxygenation
• Pulmonary vein 


  The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart
• Renal Artery


  The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart
• Renal vein 


  The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart
• Right atrium 


  The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle
• Right ventricle 


  The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for deoxygenation
• Spiracles


  Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases within their environment
• Spongy Mesophyll


  Loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange
• Stomata 


  Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange
• Symporter 


  A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction