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Biology paper 1
2 - organisation
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Cards (170)
What is the main concept that allows
cells
to
form
a
working
organism?
Organisation
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What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?
Cells
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What is the process called when
cells
become
specialised
for a particular
job
?
Differentiation
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What do specialised cells form in multicellular organisms?
Tissues
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What is the hierarchy of organisation in large multicellular organisms?
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
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What is a tissue?
A group of similar
cells
that work together to carry out a particular
function
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What are the three types of tissues mentioned in mammals?
Muscular
tissue,
glandular
tissue,
epithelial
tissue
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What is the function of muscular tissue?
It
contracts
to
move
whatever it’s
attached
to
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What does glandular tissue do?
It
makes
and
secretes
chemicals like
enzymes
and
hormones
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What is the role of
epithelial
tissue?
It covers some
parts
of the
body
, such as the
inside
of the
gut
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What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
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What tissues make up the stomach?
Muscular
tissue,
glandular
tissue,
epithelial
tissue
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What is an
organ system
?
A
group
of
organs
working
together
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What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
produced by
living
things
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Why are enzymes important for chemical reactions in living organisms?
They
speed
up
reactions
without the need for
high temperatures
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What is a catalyst?
A
substance
that
increases
the
speed
of a
reaction
without being
changed
or
used up
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What are enzymes made of?
Proteins
made up of
chains
of
amino acids
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds
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What is the 'lock and key' model of enzyme action?
A model that describes how the
substrate
fits into the enzyme's
active site
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What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
The
shape
of the
active site changes
,
preventing
the
substrate
from
fitting
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What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature
and
pH
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What is the
optimum
temperature for enzymes?
The temperature at which an
enzyme works best
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What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
Often
neutral
pH
7
, but can
vary
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What is the role of bile in digestion?
It
neutralises stomach acid
and
emulsifies fats
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Where is bile produced?
In the
liver
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What is the function of amylase?
It
breaks down starch
into
sugars
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What are the three types of digestive enzymes mentioned?
Amylase
,
protease
,
lipase
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What is the role of protease enzymes?
They convert
proteins
into
amino acids
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What do lipase enzymes do?
They convert
lipids
into
glycerol
and
fatty acids
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What is the purpose of the digestive enzymes in the digestive system?
To
break down large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
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How does the stomach aid in digestion?
It
pummels
food and produces
protease
and
hydrochloric
acid
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What is the role of the gall
bladder
?
To store
bile
before it is released into the
small
intestine
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What happens in the large intestine?
Excess
water
is
absorbed
from the
food
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What is the rectum's function in digestion?
To store
faeces
before they are
expelled
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What is the pancreas's role in digestion?
It produces
protease
,
amylase
, and
lipase
enzymes
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What are the main components of the digestive system and their functions?
Salivary glands
: Produce amylase
Liver
: Produces bile, neutralises stomach acid, emulsifies fats
Stomach
: Pummels food, produces protease and hydrochloric acid
Gall bladder
: Stores bile
Large intestine
: Absorbs excess water
Rectum
: Stores faeces
Pancreas
: Produces digestive enzymes
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How do enzymes facilitate digestion in the digestive system?
They
catalyse
the
breakdown
of
large
food molecules into
smaller absorbable
molecules
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If amylase breaks down starch into maltose, what would be the expected product of this reaction?
Maltose
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If the rate of reaction at pH 6 is calculated to be 11 cm³/min, what is the time taken for the reaction?
90 seconds
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How would you calculate the rate of reaction if
24
cm³ of oxygen was produced in
50 seconds
?
Rate =
24
cm
3
50
s
=
\frac{24 \text{ cm}^3}{50 \text{ s}} =
50
s
24
cm
3
=
0.48
cm
3
/
s
0.48 \text{ cm}^3/\text{s}
0.48
cm
3
/
s
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