2 - organisation

    Cards (170)

    • What is the main concept that allows cells to form a working organism?

      Organisation
    • What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?
      Cells
    • What is the process called when cells become specialised for a particular job?

      Differentiation
    • What do specialised cells form in multicellular organisms?
      Tissues
    • What is the hierarchy of organisation in large multicellular organisms?
      • Cells
      • Tissues
      • Organs
      • Organ systems
    • What is a tissue?
      A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
    • What are the three types of tissues mentioned in mammals?
      Muscular tissue, glandular tissue, epithelial tissue
    • What is the function of muscular tissue?
      It contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
    • What does glandular tissue do?
      It makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
    • What is the role of epithelial tissue?

      It covers some parts of the body, such as the inside of the gut
    • What is an organ?
      A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
    • What tissues make up the stomach?
      Muscular tissue, glandular tissue, epithelial tissue
    • What is an organ system?

      A group of organs working together
    • What are enzymes?
      Biological catalysts produced by living things
    • Why are enzymes important for chemical reactions in living organisms?
      They speed up reactions without the need for high temperatures
    • What is a catalyst?
      A substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up
    • What are enzymes made of?
      Proteins made up of chains of amino acids
    • What is the active site of an enzyme?
      The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds
    • What is the 'lock and key' model of enzyme action?
      A model that describes how the substrate fits into the enzyme's active site
    • What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
      The shape of the active site changes, preventing the substrate from fitting
    • What factors affect enzyme activity?
      Temperature and pH
    • What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

      The temperature at which an enzyme works best
    • What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
      Often neutral pH 7, but can vary
    • What is the role of bile in digestion?
      It neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
    • Where is bile produced?
      In the liver
    • What is the function of amylase?
      It breaks down starch into sugars
    • What are the three types of digestive enzymes mentioned?
      Amylase, protease, lipase
    • What is the role of protease enzymes?
      They convert proteins into amino acids
    • What do lipase enzymes do?
      They convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
    • What is the purpose of the digestive enzymes in the digestive system?
      To break down large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
    • How does the stomach aid in digestion?
      It pummels food and produces protease and hydrochloric acid
    • What is the role of the gall bladder?

      To store bile before it is released into the small intestine
    • What happens in the large intestine?
      Excess water is absorbed from the food
    • What is the rectum's function in digestion?
      To store faeces before they are expelled
    • What is the pancreas's role in digestion?
      It produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes
    • What are the main components of the digestive system and their functions?
      • Salivary glands: Produce amylase
      • Liver: Produces bile, neutralises stomach acid, emulsifies fats
      • Stomach: Pummels food, produces protease and hydrochloric acid
      • Gall bladder: Stores bile
      • Large intestine: Absorbs excess water
      • Rectum: Stores faeces
      • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes
    • How do enzymes facilitate digestion in the digestive system?
      They catalyse the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller absorbable molecules
    • If amylase breaks down starch into maltose, what would be the expected product of this reaction?
      Maltose
    • If the rate of reaction at pH 6 is calculated to be 11 cm³/min, what is the time taken for the reaction?
      90 seconds
    • How would you calculate the rate of reaction if 24 cm³ of oxygen was produced in 50 seconds?

      Rate = 24 cm350 s=\frac{24 \text{ cm}^3}{50 \text{ s}} =0.48 cm3/s 0.48 \text{ cm}^3/\text{s}
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