Endocrinology

    Cards (117)

    • Biguanide example
      metformin
    • MOA metformin
      increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity and enhancing hepatic glucose uptake thus lowering blood glucose levels
    • Biguanide side effects
      nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, lactose acidosis
    • biguanide contraindications
      severe renal and hepatic impairment, acute conditions which affect kidney function or cause significant risk of hypoxia or dehydration
    • Sulfonylurea example
      Gliclazide
    • sulfonylueas MOA
      stimulate the pancreatic beta cells, promoting the release of insulin
    • sulfonylurea max dose
      320mg daily
    • chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete
      noradrenaline and adrenaline
    • the adrenal medulla is innervated by
      splanchnic nerves
    • Phaeochromocytomas are derived from
      chromaffin cells
    • aldosterone is secreted from
      zona glomerulosa
    • glucocorticoids are secreted from
      zona fasiculata
    • androgens are secreted from
      zona reticularis
    • TFT in hyperthyroidism
      TSH low; T4 high, T3 high
    • hypomagnesaemia can cause hypocalcaemia by
      impairing the secretion of PTH and making tissues resistant to its action
    • sulfonylureas exert their hypoglycaemic effect by
      inhibiting ATP sensitive potassium channels on the membrane of pancreatic beta cells -> depolarise beta cells; open VGCC -> exocytosis of vesicles containing insulin
    • autoantibodies in graves disease
      TSH receptor stimulating antibodies; anti0thyroid peroxidase antibodies
    • exogenous insulin administration is characterised by
      high serum insulin levels with low C-peptide levels
    • insulin decreases serum potassium through
      stimulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
    • octreotide class
      somatostatin analogue
    • somatostatin functions
      inhibition of GH secretion from anterior pituitary; suppression of insulin and glucagon secretion from pancreas
    • primary polydipsia water deprivation test
      urine osmolality high after fluid deprivation and after desmopressin
    • leptin is secreted by
      adipose tissue
    • leptin acts on
      satiety centres in the hypothalamus
    • ghrelin is produced by
      P/D1 cells lining the fungus of the stomach and epsilon cells of the pancreas
    • Leptin stimulates the release of
      MSH and CRH
    • low levels of leptin stimulates the release
      neuropeptide Y (NPY)
    • PTH regulates serum phosphate levels by
      decreasing the expression of phosphate transporters in the renal proximal tubule (decreases expression of sodium-potassium cotransporters) = increases phosphate excretion
    • Hashimoto's thyroiditis polymorphism associations
      HLA-DR3, 4 and 5
    • Hashimoto thyroiditis pathological features
      lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland and the formation of germinal centres
    • Subacute thyroiditis (De Quervain's) pathological featurs
      Disruption of the thyroid follicles with a patchy inflammatory infiltrate with some follicles containing multinucleate giant cells
    • Riedel's thyroiditis pathological feature
      inflammation and sense fibrosis of the thyroid follicles extending to the neck veins, oesophagus and trachea
    • multi nodular goitres pathological features
      Nodular enlargement of the thyroid along with colloid filled cystic and hyper cellular regions
    • Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid pathology
      solid and cystic thyroid mass with papillary formation and empty appearing nuclei
    • main component of colloid in the thyroid gland
      thyroglobulin
    • thyroglobulin is essential for the storage of
      iodine
    • T3 is formed through the coupling of
      MIT and DIT
    • T4 is formed through the coupling of
      two DIT molecules
    • thyroglobulin contains ... residues which undergo iodination
      tyrosine
    • thyroxin binding globulin is produced by
      the liver
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