Applied anatomy and physiology

• What are the key components of the musculoskeletal system?

  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Muscles
• What are the bones located in the head/neck region?

  Cranium and vertebrae
• Which bones are found in the shoulder region?

  Scapula and humerus
• What bones make up the chest area?

  Ribs and sternum
• Which bones are located at the elbow joint?

  Humerus, radius, and ulna
• What bones are found in the hip region?

  Pelvis and femur
• Which bones are associated with the knee joint?

  Femur and tibia
• What is the position of the patella in relation to the knee joint?

  The patella sits in front of the knee joint
• What bones are found in the ankle region?

  Tibia, fibula, and talus
• How does the skeletal system contribute to movement?

  • Provides a framework for movement in conjunction with the muscular system
  • Allows movement at a joint
  • The shape and type of bones determine the amount of movement
  • Flat bones protect vital organs
  • Different joint types allow various movements
  • Provides attachment points for muscles
• How do short and long bones differ in their function related to movement?

  Short bones enable finer controlled movements, while long bones enable gross movement
• What role do flat bones play in the body?

  Flat bones provide protection for vital organs
• What is the relationship between muscles and bones during movement?

  When muscles contract, they pull the bone
• What are the different types of joints and their significance in movement?

  • Hinge joints: allow bending and straightening (e.g., elbow)
  • Ball-and-socket joints: allow rotational movement (e.g., shoulder)
  • Pivot joints: allow rotation around an axis (e.g., neck)
  • Saddle joints: allow movement in two planes (e.g., thumb)
  • Gliding joints: allow sliding movements (e.g., wrist)
• What are the main functions of the skeleton?

  • Support
  • Protection of vital organs by flat bones
  • Movement
  • Structural shape and points for attachment
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
• How do the functions of the skeleton apply to physical activity?

  They provide support, protection, and facilitate movement during physical activities.
• Which muscles should be identified in the body for study?

  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Deltoid
  • Rotator cuffs
  • Pectorals
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Abdominals
  • Hip flexors
  • Gluteals
  • Hamstring group
  • Quadriceps group
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
• What is the role of tendons in the muscular system?

  Tendons attach muscles to bones, facilitating movement.
• What are the structures of a synovial joint that help prevent injury?

  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Joint capsule
  • Bursae
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
• How does the synovial membrane contribute to joint function?

  It produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction.
• What is the function of synovial fluid in a joint?

  It lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage.
• What is the purpose of the joint capsule in a synovial joint?

  It encloses the joint and provides stability and protection.
• What role do bursae play in a synovial joint?

  Bursae reduce friction between moving parts in the joint.
• How do ligaments contribute to joint stability?

  Ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing stability to the joint.
• What types of freely movable joints allow different movements?

  • Hinge joint: elbow, knee, ankle
  • Ball and socket joint: hip, shoulder
• What type of joint is the elbow classified as?

  The elbow is classified as a hinge joint.
• What type of joint is the shoulder classified as?

  The shoulder is classified as a ball and socket joint.
• What type of joint is the knee classified as?

  The knee is classified as a hinge joint.
• What type of joint is the ankle classified as?

  The ankle is classified as a hinge joint.
• What type of joint is the hip classified as?

  The hip is classified as a ball and socket joint.
• What type of joint is the wrist classified as?

  The wrist is classified as a gliding joint.
• What types of movement are associated with the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints?

  Flexion and extension
• Which joint allows for abduction and adduction movements?


  The shoulder joint
• What type of movement is rotation associated with?

  Shoulder joint
• What type of movement is circumduction associated with?

  Shoulder joint
• What types of movement occur at the ankle joint?

  Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
• How do major muscles and muscle groups work at the major joints of the skeleton?

  • Operate antagonistically
  • Involve prime movers (agonists) and antagonists
  • Affect movement in physical activity
  • Include major joints: shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle
• What are the major joints referenced in the study material?

  Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle
• What is the role of prime movers (agonists) in muscle movement?

  They are the primary muscles responsible for a specific movement
• What is the role of antagonists in muscle movement?

  They oppose the action of the prime movers