Genetic engineering

• What is genetic engineering?

  Genetic engineering is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells.
• What does genetic engineering involve?

  It involves manipulating DNA to produce improved organisms.
• What is the function of DNA ligase in genetic engineering?

  DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together.
• What are restriction enzymes used for in genetic engineering?

  Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences.
• What is the role of proteins in relation to genes?

  Proteins determine traits and functions in organisms.
• What are the components that make up DNA?

  DNA is made up of nucleotides.
• How do genes influence traits in organisms?

  Genes code for proteins, which influence traits.
• What are plasmids used for in genetic engineering?

  Plasmids are used as vectors to carry genes into cells.
• What is PCR and its purpose in genetic engineering?


  PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
• What are the steps involved in the process of genetic modification?

  1. Isolate the gene of interest
  2. Insert the gene into a vector (often a plasmid)
  3. Introduce the vector into the target organism
  4. Select for organisms that have successfully incorporated the new gene
  5. Grow and test the modified organisms
• Why do scientists use plasmids in genetic modification?

  Scientists use plasmids to carry the new gene into the target organism.
• What are some applications of genetic engineering?

  1. Medicine: Creating insulin, developing gene therapies
  2. Agriculture: Producing pest-resistant crops, enhancing nutritional content
  3. Environmental: Developing bacteria for cleanup, creating CO2-absorbing plants
  4. Research: Studying gene function, creating animal models for diseases
  5. Industry: Producing enzymes, developing biofuels