U4L2

• What type of control is exercised by primary groups like family and peer groups?

  Direct control
• What type of control is exercised by secondary groups like traditions and institutions?

  Indirect control
• What are positive means of social control?

  Social control through praise, prizes, fame, respect, and promotion
• What are negative means of social control?

  Criticism, gossip, punishment, and ostracism
• How is deviance defined?

  As the recognized violation of cultural norms
• What is the common perception of deviant behavior?

  It is often associated with breaking the law or acting negatively
• What does social pathology consider deviant behavior to be?

  A result of a societal disease that must be isolated, contained, and treated
• What does biological pathology maintain about deviance?

  That it results from actual physical illness, malfunctions, or deformities
• What does social disorganization suggest about deviant behavior?

  It results when two normative systems come into contact
• What does the labeling theory suggest about deviant behavior?

  That deviance is defined by the actions of others or by the actors themselves
• What does the value conflict theory hold about acts considered criminal or deviant?

  They are considered so because they are at variance with a group's values
• What are some examples of the most common forms of deviance?

  • Homosexuality
  • Drug addiction
  • Alcoholism
  • Murder
  • Prostitution
  • Lesbianism
  • Mental illness
  • Perversion
  • Politics
  • Communism
  • Atheism
  • Political extremism
  • Ear piercing
  • Tattooing
• What is a conformist?

  A person who accepts both the societal goals and the approved means to reach them
• What is an innovator?

  A person who seeks to achieve goals by means that are not approved by society
• What is a ritualist?

  A person who follows the norms to the letter but rejects the hope of achieving societal goals
• What is a retreatist?

  A person who rejects both the societal goals and institutionalized means to achieve them
• What is a rebel?

  A person who rejects both the societal goals and the means to achieve them, substituting them with new goals and means