1.4

• is a programmable machine.

  is a machine that manipulates data

  according to a list of instructions.

  is any device which aids humans in

  performing various kinds of computations or

  calculations.

  Computer
• Three principles characteristic of computer:

  • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
  • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
  • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
• Originally calculations were computed by humans,

  whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the

  calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in

  1613, referring to a person who carried out

  calculations, or computations, and the word continued

  to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th

  century.
• A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to

  record and document numbers, quantities, or even

  messages.
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an

  individual in performing mathematical calculations invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• Napier’s Bones was invented by John Napier in

  1614.
• Napier’s Bones allows the operator to

  multiply, divide and

  calculate square and cube

  roots by moving the rods

  around and placing them in

  specially constructed boards.
• Slide Rule was invented by William Oughtred

  in 1622.
• Slide Rule is based on Napier's ideas

  about logarithms.
• Slide Rule is used primarily for

  – multiplication

  – division

  – roots

  – logarithms

  – Trigonometry

  But not normally used for addition

  or subtraction.
• Pascaline was invented by Blaise Pascal in

  1642.
• It was its limitation to addition

  and subtraction and it is too expensive.

  Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner. Invented by Gottfried

  Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• Stepped Reckoner is a machine that can add,

  subtract, multiply and divide

  automatically.
• Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom,

  invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• Jacquard Loom. It's an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
• Arithmometer. A mechanical calculator invented

  by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
• Arithmometer is the first reliable, useful and

  commercially successful

  calculating machine.
• The first mass-produced

  calculating machine.

  
  

  The machine could perform the

  four basic mathematic functions.

  
  

  Arithmometer
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. It's an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to

  tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron

  suggests to Babbage that he use

  the binary system. She writes programs for the

  Analytical Engine.
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine invented by Per Georg Scheutz in

  1843.
• • Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
  • The first printing calculator.

  Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• • Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
  • To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

  Tabulating Machine
• Havard Mark 1 also known as IBM Automatic

  Sequence Controlled Calculator

  (ASCC) invented by Howard H. Aiken in

  1943
• The first electro-mechanical

  computer.

  Havard Mark 1
• The first programmable computer Z1. Created by Konrad Zuse in

  Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital computing device invented by Professor John Atanasoff and

  graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State

  University between 1939 and 1942.
• ENIAC. It was the first electronic general-

  purpose computer developed by John Presper

  Eckert and John W. Mauchl and completed in 1946.
• ENIAC stands for Electronic

  Numerical Integrator and

  Computer.
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1)

  was the first commercial computer designed by J. Presper Eckert and John

  Mauchly.
• EDVAC stands for Electronic

  Discrete Variable Automatic

  Computer
• EDVAC the First Stored Program

  Computer designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• EDVAC has a memory to hold both a

  stored program as well as data.
• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
• The first computer company was the Electronic

  Controls Company founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John

  Mauchly.
• There are five generations of computer
• First generation computer – 1946 - 1958