Questions

• What is the product of glucose and glucose?

  Maltose
• In what type of food is maltose found?

  Starchy food
• What is the product of glucose and fructose?

  Sucrose
• Where is sucrose commonly found?

  In fruit
• What is the product of glucose and galactose?

  Lactose
• Where is lactose found?

  In dairy products
• What defines isomers?


  Isomers have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
• What are the properties of isomers?

  They dissolve in water and are reducing sugars
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?


  C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$
• What are the properties of disaccharides?

  They dissolve in water and can be reducing or non-reducing sugars
• How are disaccharides formed?

  By joining two monomers through a condensation reaction
• What is the bond formed between two monomers in disaccharides called?

  Glycosidic bond
• What is polymerization?


  The process of producing a polymer from monomers
• What is condensation in the context of polymer formation?

  The removal of water during the addition of a monomer to another
• What is hydrolysis?


  The splitting of a polymer into its monomers with the addition of water
• What is metabolism?


  The chemical processes that take place within cells of an organism
• What are the types of sugars based on their complexity?

  • Single sugars (monosaccharides): glucose, fructose, galactose
  • Complex sugars (polysaccharides): cellulose, starch, glycogen
• What is the function of polysaccharides?

  • Starch for energy
  • Glycogen for energy storage
  • Cellulose for structural support
• Why does glucose become glycogen?


  Because glycogen is less soluble than glucose, preventing spikes in blood sugar levels
• What is the relationship between glucose and glycogen?

  Glucose is converted into glycogen for storage
• What type of bonds hold the branched and coiled shape of starch and glycogen molecules?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What are the main functions of starch and glycogen?

  • Energy storage compounds
  • Starch is found only in plants
  • Glycogen is found in animals
• Why is starch considered insoluble?

  It does not affect water potential (WP) or wall pressure
• What is a key structural feature of starch and glycogen that allows them to fit many in a small space?

  They are compact
• What structural form do starch and glycogen take?

  They are branched and helical
• What type of glucose do starch and glycogen polymers consist of?

  α-glucose
• How does the size of starch and glycogen affect their function in cells?

  Being large allows them to provide glucose for respiration
• Why do starch and glycogen have many ends for enzymes to attach and hydrolyze?

  To facilitate rapid breakdown for energy release
• What happens to starch and glycogen if they leave the cell?

  They cannot leave the cell
• What are the structural differences between starch and glycogen?

  • Starch:
  • Found in plants
  • Less branched than glycogen
  • Glycogen:
  • Found in animals
  • More highly branched than starch
• What defines a saturated fatty acid?

  A saturated fatty acid has a single c-c bond in the hydrocarbon chain.
• What defines an unsaturated fatty acid?

  An unsaturated fatty acid has a double c=c bond in the hydrocarbon chain.
• How do double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids affect their structure?


  Double bonds cause kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.
• Define saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

  Saturated = single carbon bond in the hydrocarbon chain

  Unsaturated = double carbon bond in the hydrocarbon chain which cause kinks in the chain
• Properties and functions of triglycerides (4)

  Bouncy to keep animals afloat

  Source of water due to high ratio of hydrogens and oxygens

  Storage below dermis of skin for insulation

  Large insoluble molecules to not interfere with water concentration
• Describe Amino acids (3)

  Form proteins and peptide bonds

  20 naturally occurring amino acids

  Found in plants and animals (all living organisms )
• Meaning of hydrophobic and hydrophilic + examples

  Hydrophillic= attracts water

  Eg : phosphate group

  Hydrophobic = repel water

  Eg: fatty acids
• Meaning of Amphipathic

  Have polar and non polar regions
• How do phospholipids arrange themselves when in contact with water

  They form a phospholipid bilayer

  Hydrophillic phosphate heads towards water and hydrophobic fatty acids inside away from water

  This structure then forms a membrane around and within cells
• What is meant as quantitative data

  A numerical measurement of a variable which can be statistically analysed