Cells

• Nucleus


  The control center of the cell where DNA is stored.
• Mitochondria


  Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  Involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport; comes in two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER.
• Ribosomes


  Small organelles responsible for protein synthesis found throughout the cytoplasm.
• Lysosomes


  Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste.
• Golgi Apparatus


  Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids from the ER to other parts of the cell.
• Cell Membrane


  Semipermeable barrier separating the cell from its environment, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
• Cytoplasm


  The jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where many metabolic processes take place.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)


  Covered with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)


  Not covered with ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and recycling.
• RER vs. SER

  RER: involved in protein synthesis and modification, SER: involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and recycling.
• Organelles in Both Plant and Animal Cells


  Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, and Cytoskeleton
• Unique Organelles in Plant Cells


  Chloroplasts, Vacuoles, and Cell Wall
• Eukaryotic Characteristics


  Complex cell structure, linear DNA, multicellular, large cells
• Prokaryotic Characteristics


  Simple cell structure, circular DNA, single-celled, small cells
• Light Microscope


  Uses visible light to illuminate the specimen and create an image through objective, condenser, and eyepiece lenses
• Electron Microscope


  Uses a beam of electrons to create an image through electron gun, cylindrical lens, magnetic lenses, and detector
• Light Microscope Components


  Illustration or list of parts: illumination system, objective lens, condenser lens, eyepiece lens, stage, and ocular tube
• Electron Microscope Components


  Illustration or list of parts: electron gun, column, sample stage, and viewing system
• Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?


  pro- smaller, smaller ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles, plasmids, circular DNA in the cytoplasm, murein cell wall
• general features of prokaryotic cell?


  f lagellum, D NA, c ytoplasm, r ibosomes, ca psule, cell wall, cell surface membrane, p lasmid
• What does a flagellum do?

  helps with movement
• Is the flagellum in all or some prokaryotic cells?

  Some
• What type of ribosomes are in eukaryotes?

  80s
• What type of ribosomes are in prokaryotes?

  70s
• What does the capsule do?

  Protective layer, helps attach to things
• Is the capsule in all or some prokaryotic cells?

  some
• Is binary fission in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

  prokaryotic
• Is mitosis in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

  eukaryotic
• Binary fission?


  replication of DNA, cytoplasm pinches in the middle, new cell membrane and cell wall form, splits into two
• Virus structures?

  genetic material, capsid, attachment proteins
• role of genetic material in a virus?

  codes for proteins in the virus
• Role of capsid in viruses?

  surrounds genetic material to protect it
• Role of attachment proteins in viruses?

  to bind to target membrane
• What does HIV attack?

  helper T blood cells
• HIV structure?

  attachment proteins, capsid, genetic material, viral envelope, reverse transcriptase
• Why are viruses acellular?

  they aren't made of cells
• Why are viruses described as non-living?

  no metabolic processes on their own without a host cell
• stages of the virus life cycle?

  a ttachment, p enetration, t ranscription, s ynthesis, as sembly, r elease
• Life cycle of HIV virus?

  a ttachment, f usion, reverse t ranscription, i ntegration, r eplication, as sembly, b udding