CH 2

• Electronegativity attracts E-
• • Ionization energy removes e-
• Electronegativity vs Ionization Energy

  • Ionization energy - the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule
  • Electronegativity - the atom’s ability to attract an electron
  • Ionization energy removes e-
  • Electronegativity attracts E-
• Coulombic Force vs Electronegativity

  • Yea they’re basically the same thing but Coulombic Force just sounds more ✨fancier✨than electronegativity
  • Coulombic Force: the attraction between oppositely charged particles 
  • Electronegativity: the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons toward itself
  • So Coulombic Force tends to focus more on the charge and attraction of the particles itself 
  • The electronegativity focuses more on the charge and attraction of an electron for the atom
• The more negative the energy, the more energy is released (exothermic) → non metal

  Positive e- affinity  → metal → endothermic

  ….thus metals tend to have positive electron affinities while non metals tend to have negative electron affinities.
• • ~ effective nuclear charge
  • The potential energy of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons ( effective nuclear charge, Zeff ENC )
• Hydrate

  • When it comes to not mixing up which one is the salt and which one is the h2o, I recommend writing the values underneath the chemical formula to make it easier
  • Often times the question only gives you the values of the salt/hydrate before and after the heating 
  • In order to find the h2o lost, you’ll need to then subtract the initial salt hydrate by the after-heated salt

  Most of the time, the salt is the one that has higher grams than the h2o lost but in the end, it’s then h2o that will have the higher molecular weight compared to the salt
• Excited state is when the e- jumps aorund
• Metal

  • Metal gives up e 
  • Down PT increases
  • To the left of the PT
  • Form ionic bonds
• Nonmetal 

  • nonmetall takes e 
  • To the right of the PT
  • From covalent or ionic bond
• -trends

  Up and right 

  • increase I.E - energy to remove e-
  • increase E.N -attracts e-
  • decrease size and metallic character 
• Expectations 

  Explain why there is a slight decrease in

  ionization energy going from elements in

  group 2 to group 13 

  Group 2 has full shell stability 

  Explain why there is a slight decrease in

  ionization energy going from elements in

  group 15 to group 16

  Group 15 has half shell stability
•  slight decrease in

  ionization energy going from elements in

  group 2 to group 13 

  Group 2 has full shell stability 
• slight decrease in

  ionization energy going from elements in

  group 15 to group 16

  Group 15 has half shell stability 
• • Coulombic Force: the attraction between oppositely charged particles 
• • Electronegativity: the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons toward itself
• And group Cr and Cu

  Cr group has half shell stably

  Cu group has full shell stability
• Cr group has half shell stability
• Cu group has full shell stability
• Polyelctron ions 3 energy

  1. k.e of moving e
  2. p.e of attraction btw nucleus and e (effective nuclear charge)
  3. p.e from repulsion of e
• 3 factors of charge of nucleus

  1. # of Protons
  2. charge of e
  3. distance between the 2 radii
• nuclear charge = only nucleus (P and N)
• effective nuclear chrage (Zeff) = nucleus and e- (P,N,and E)
• lower Zeff = further distance electron