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Year 2 Medical Microbiology
week 2 medical microbiology
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Cards (111)
What is the primary focus of the learning objectives regarding Chlamydia sp.?
To cover the impact and
aetiology
of Chlamydia sp (e.g., C.
trachomatis
)
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What is the primary focus of the learning objectives regarding Rickettsia sp.?
To cover the
impact
and
aetiology
of Rickettsia sp (e.g., Rickettsia prowazekii)
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What are the unique life cycles and
intracellular
survival characteristics of Chlamydia and Rickettsia?
Chlamydia:
Obligate intracellular
pathogens
Elementary
bodies (EB) and
reticular
bodies (RB)
Rickettsia:
Obligate
intracellular pathogens
Multiply by
binary fission
in infected cells
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What family did Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila belong to?
They once belonged to the same family but now are classified under a single genus:
Chlamydia
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What are some examples of Chlamydia species and their associated conditions?
trachomatis
(ocular, genital),
C. psittaci
(psittacosis),
C. pneumoniae
(10-20% CAP, cardiovascular disease)
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What is the significance of the elementary body (EB) in Chlamydia?
It is the
infectious
form that is
metabolically inactive
and approximately
0.2-0.3
microns in diameter
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What is the role of reticular bodies (RB) in Chlamydia's life cycle?
They are the
intracellular
reproductive form that is
metabolically
active and can divide by
binary fission
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What is the size range of reticular bodies (RB) in Chlamydia?
Approximately
0.5-2
microns in diameter
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How do
Chlamydia
species obtain
energy
?
They are
energy parasites
that lack
ATP-generating
ability and must obtain
ATP
from
host
cells
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How many people are affected by trachoma globally?
About
1.9 million
people are blind or visually impaired due to trachoma
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What does the SAFE strategy stand for in relation to
trachoma prevention
?
Surgery
,
Antibiotics
,
Facial cleanliness
, and
Environmental improvement
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How many people received surgery for trachoma in 2018?
146,112 people received surgery
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What are some examples of fastidious Gram-negative rods?
Legionella pneumophila
: Legionaire’s Disease
Bordetella pertussis
: Whooping Cough
Haemophilus influenzae
: meningitis and septicaemia in children < 6 months
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What are some examples of Gram-negative obligate anaerobes?
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Prevotella
Porphyromonas
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What was the location of the first outbreak of Legionella pneumophila?
Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel,
Philadelphia
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What event was occurring when the first outbreak of Legionella pneumophila happened?
The
58th
State Convention of the American Legion of
Pennsylvania
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What symptoms did Legionnaires experience during the outbreak?
Chest
pains and
breathlessness
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What did the CDC initially fear regarding the outbreak of Legionnaires' disease?
They feared a
terrorist
plot
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Who was the rickettsiologist that studied the outbreak in 1977?
Dr.
Joseph McDade
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What did Dr. Carl Fliermans discover about L. pneumophila lipids?
They resembled those of
thermophilic bacteria
in
Yellowstone National Park
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How many species of Legionella have been characterized?
42
species
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What is the type species of the genus Legionella?
Legionella
pneumophila
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What percentage of Legionella cases are attributed to Legionella pneumophila?
85%
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Legionella?
Inhalation
of
contaminated aerosols
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What is the incubation period for Legionnaires' disease?
2
to
10
days
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What is the primary cause of death in Legionnaires' disease?
Progressive
pneumonia
with
respiratory
failure
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What is the typical demographic for reported cases of Legionnaires' disease?
75–80% are over
50
years and 60–70% are
male
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What are the stages of Legionnaires' disease?
Acute pneumonia
Bacterium
multiplies in
alveolar macrophages
Cytokine
production leads to influx of
immune
cells
Obliteration
of
air spaces
compromises
respiratory
function
Symptoms:
Fevers
,
cough
,
breathlessness
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What is the only documented source of Legionella species?
Water
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Where is Legionella found in the environment?
In
freshwater
of streams,
lakes
,
warm springs
,
rivers
, and
riverbanks
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What role do amoeba and protozoa play in the life cycle of Legionella?
They serve as
intracellular
parasites that protect Legionella against
chlorine
,
drying
, and
heat
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What factors contribute to Legionella growth in artificial water systems?
Temperature
Stagnation
Nutrients
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What is the chain of causation for Legionella infection?
Environmental
Reservoir
Multiplication
(stagnation, temperature, nutrients)
Dissemination
by
aerosol
generation
Inhalation
into lungs by susceptible host
Aspiration
as a common entry method
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What is the causative agent of Whooping Cough?
Bordetella pertussis
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What type of bacteria is Bordetella pertussis?
Aerobic
,
Gram-negative
, small
coccobacillus
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How many people are affected by whooping cough worldwide each year?
20-40
million people
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What is the incubation period for whooping cough?
10
days
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What are the stages of whooping cough?
Catarrhal
stage: 1-2 weeks of rhinorrhoea and mild cough
Paroxysmal
stage: 1-6 weeks of forceful coughing, whoop sound, vomiting
Complications:
pneumonia
,
otitis media
,
asthma
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What factors contribute to the epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis?
Increased
awareness
, better
detection
methods,
waning immunity
, and
acellular
vaccines
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What are some clinical diseases associated with Gram-negative obligate anaerobes?
Periodontal
infections
Abscess
Intra-abdominal
infections
Gynecological
infections
Skin
and
soft
tissue infections
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