Gender

• Define Androgyny


  combination of male and female characteristics
• Define gender


  refers to a person's identity, their sense of maleness or femaleness, usually a psychological/ social construct- unlike sex which refers to whether a person is genetically male (XY) or female (XX)
• How is biological sex determined?

  • Each person has 23 pairs pf chromosomes, each with genes that carry the instructions for physical and behavioural characteristics
  • there's a link between sex chromosomes and genitalia XX/Vagina and XY/penis and internal genitalia (ovaries/testes).
  • At 3 months, foetuses if male produce testosterone in testes, causing external genitalia to form
  • Genes explain how individuals acquire their sex
• Describe Klinefelter's syndrome


  condition is due to an extra X chromosome in males. The XXY coordination causes individuals born with this condition to have a penis, but can also possess female qualities such as breast tissue. It affects 1 in 660 males.
• Define Intersex


  this refers to an individual who is not distinctly genetically male or female due potentially to discrepancies between chromosomes and genitals.
• List the stages of Kohlberg's theory of gender development

  1. Gender Labelling
  2. Gender Stability
  3. Gender Constancy
• What is the Bem sex role inventory (BSRI)?


  A questionnaire that aims to assess a person's masculinity.
• How would you define gender?

  Socially constructed differences between males and females
• What is gender dysphoria?

  when there is an incongruity between a person's sex and gender
• Define gender identity.


  the first stage of gender development according to Kohlberg. this is where the child first identifies themselves and others as male or female
• Define gender stability


  the second stage of gender development according to Kohlberg. this is where the child is now aware that their gender (and others) doesn't change.
• Define gender constancy


  the third of gender development according to Kohlberg where the child develops the understanding that gender doesn't change with superficial changes e.g. a male growing long hair or wearing a dress
• Define gender roles


  social constructs that suggest specific roles for males and females, such as the males being breadwinners and females being caregivers
• What is Turner's syndrome?

  A genetic disorder wherein a person is born with the chromosome profile X
• What is Klinefelter's syndrome?

  A genetic disorder wherein a person is born with the chromosome profile XXY
• What is Sex?


  Biological differences between males and females
• What is Testosterone?


  A hormone that plays an important role in the development of males
• What is oxytocin?


  Sometimes referred to as the "love hormone". A hormone that is released during childbirth, breastfeeding and bonding.
• Define the Oedipus complex


  A theory of gender development according to Freud which suggests that to develop gender identity, a male must overcome his feelings of jealousy towards his father and then identify with him.
• Define the Electra Complex


  a theory of gender development according freud which suggests that to develop gender identity a female must overcome her jealousy to her father and her "penis envy" and ultimately identify with her mother.
• what is identification?


  a stage of gender development according to Freud where the child "identifies" with their same-sex parent
• What is internalisation?


  another stage of gender development according to Freud where the child wholly and internally adopts the beliefs of the parent they identify with
• According to SLT, how does gender identity develop?

  we gain our gender identity through the observation of others, then making the decision to imitate gender related behaviours that are rewarded
• What is schema?

  a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. they contain our understanding of an object, a person or an idea. schemas become increasingly complex during development as we gain more information about each object/idea
• what role do mediational processes play in gender development?

  these are mental events that determine whether an individual perceives behaviour as being worth imitating, e.g., watching a girl play with a doll. decision is made after viewing the consequences of the behaviour (girl receives praise) typically after its performed by a person they identify with. (stronger identification increase likelihood of imitation.