Cells topic test

• What does cell theory state about living things?

  All living things are made of cells.
• How are new cells formed according to cell theory?

  New cells are formed from other existing cells through cell division.
• What is the fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living organisms?

  The cell is the fundamental unit.
• What is the smallest working unit of a living organism?

  A cell.
• What is the hierarchy of cell organization?

  • Specialized cell
  • Tissue: a group of similar specialized cells with a specific function
  • Organ: a collection of several tissues with a specific function
  • Organ system: several organs working together to perform a specific function
  • Organism: several organ systems working together
• What type of organisms are eukaryotes?

  Eukaryotes are multi-cellular organisms, like plants and animals.
• What is the typical diameter range of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100μm.
• What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• What is one of the key functions of animal cells?

  To synthesize proteins.
• What are the main organelles found in animal cells and their functions?

  • Plasma membrane: Selectively permeable, regulates transport
  • Cytoplasm: Maintains cell shape
  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material/DNA
  • Nucleolus: Makes RNA and ribosomes
  • Rough ER: Synthesis and transport of proteins
  • Smooth ER: Synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
  • Vesicles: Transport materials
  • Lysosomes: Digest antigens/bacteria/viruses
  • Mitochondria: Produce ATP during aerobic respiration
  • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
  • Centrioles: Form spindle fibers during cell division
• What is the main function of plant cells?

  To produce carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
• What are the main organelles found in plant cells and their functions?

  • Cell wall: Protects and supports the cell
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis
  • Vacuole: Maintains turgor pressure
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
  • Mitochondria: Produce ATP during aerobic respiration
  • Plasmodesmata: Enables transport and communication between cells
• What type of organisms are prokaryotes?

  Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms.
• What is the typical diameter range of prokaryotic cells?

  0.5-5μm.
• What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

  They have simple structures, no nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles.
• What is one effect of bacterial cells on other organisms?

  Bacterial cells produce and secrete toxins that can affect other organisms.
• What are the functions of the main structures found in prokaryotic cells?

  • Cell wall: Protects and supports the cell
  • Capsule: Protects cell and prevents desiccation
  • Ribosome: Protein synthesis
  • Plasmid: Contains extra genetic information
  • Nucleoid: Holds nuclear material