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• What is the process of communication?


  It is the transferring of a message from a source to a receiver through a channel, with expected responses or feedback.
• What is a medium in communication?


  An element or means to transfer messages.
• What are examples of media?


  Newspapers, radio, and TV.
• How does Marshall McLuhan's adage "the medium is the message" apply to media?


  It suggests that the medium through which content is delivered influences how the message is perceived.
• How has the advent of content platforms like Netflix changed media consumption?


  It has removed the anticipation of waiting for new episodes by allowing all episodes to be uploaded at once.
• What is production in media context?

  Creating content through various methods like writing, filming, and recording.
• What does consumption refer to in media?


  How audiences access and engage with media content through various platforms.
• What is representation in media?


  It focuses on how different groups, identities, and issues are portrayed in media.
• What is media literacy according to Livingstone (2004)?


  • The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create messages across various contexts.
• What are the 7 competencies of media literacy according to Ciurel (2016)?

  1. Using media technologies for effective access and sharing
  2. Making informed choices about media forms and content
  3. Understanding media content production
  4. Analyzing techniques and messages used by media
  5. Using media creatively to express ideas
  6. Identifying and challenging harmful media content
  7. Using media to exercise democratic rights and responsibilities
• What does framing in media refer to?

  It concerns how media focuses attention on certain events based on what can be seen in the broadcast frame.
• What is the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication known for?


  It is integral to the understanding of communication and characterizes the relationship among various communication elements.
• What is the Two-Step Flow Model of communication?


  It suggests that information is disseminated not directly from the media to the public, but through opinion leaders.
• What is the Information Age also known as?

  The Digital Age.
• What are the characteristics of the Information Age?

  • Rapid shift from traditional industry to an economy based on information technology
  • Began in the latter half of the 20th century
  • Continues into the 21st century
  • Includes technological advances, rise of the internet, and cultural changes
• What are libraries known for in terms of information sources?


  They are a bountiful source of references of various types, with contents catalogued for guidance.
• What role do books play in information sources?

  They are primary and legitimate sources of information.
• How are newspapers and magazines accessed?


  They are available on newsstands, convenience stores, and from local sidewalk vendors.
• What types of content can be accessed through audio and video?

  Content accessible through radio, TV, and cinema.
• What is the World Wide Web?

  An information system where various forms of information can be accessed in just a few clicks.
• What are open-collaborative sources of information?

  They are generated through the contribution and collaboration among users and moderators.
• How is social media characterized as a source of information?

  It provides accessible and easy access to all sorts of information.
• What distinguishes indigenous sources of information?

  They share knowledge through oral tradition within distinct communities.
• What are the languages of information codes?

  1. Symbolic Codes

  • Visual cues that carry meaning based on culture and context

  1. Written Codes

  • Use of language in words on paper

  1. Technical Codes

  • Meanings generated from how information is created

  1. Social Codes

  • Verbal and nonverbal cues based on cultural conventions
• How does the American Library Association define information literacy?

  As a set of abilities requiring individuals to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
• What is information disorder according to UNESCO?


  It refers to the emergence of fake news and wrongful manipulation of information.
• What are the three categories of information disorder?

  1. Mal-information: Shared information believed to be true without verification.
  2. Disinformation: Shared information known to be false.
  3. Misinformation: Information that may be true but is disseminated with harmful intentions.
• What is first-hand information in the context of indigenous knowledge?


  It is a valid source of information grounded on experiences bound by culture.
• How do Olsen and Engen (2007) define technology?


  As the integration of artifacts and knowledge within social contexts.
• What is technological determinism according to Thorstein Veblen?


  It is the perspective that technology shapes the culture in a society.
• What does the Critical Theory of Technology propose according to Feenberg (2005)?

  It offers a perspective that technology is a two-sided phenomenon involving both creators and users.
• What does the Social Construction of Technology Theory argue?

  It argues that humans and their actions shape technology.
• What is interpretative flexibility in technology?


  It refers to how technological advancement is interpreted differently by different groups in society.
• What are the media technologies of today?

  1. Digital Age: 5th evolution of media
  2. Transmediality: New media engagements
  3. Intermedia: Media contents that do not fit traditional categories
  4. Multimedia: Experiencing multiple media contents simultaneously
  5. Transmedia: Narrative elements spread across multiple platforms
• What is technology literacy according to Estrella Mountain Community College?


  It is the ability to safely, responsibly, creatively, and effectively use appropriate technology for various purposes.
• What are the convergences of media, information, and technology literacies?

  1. Media Literacy: Understanding tools for communication across platforms.
  2. Information Literacy: Scrutinizing and evaluating shared content.
• What is the term for the ability to consume and develop new cultures?

  Transmediality
• What does intermedia refer to according to Higgins (1960)?


  Media contents that do not necessarily fall under the traditional media present at the time
• What is the definition of multimedia?


  Experiencing multiple media contents in one go
• What is transmedia storytelling?


  Narrative and non-narrative elements that are spread across multiple platforms to create one story world