L9

• What is the definition of prejudice according to Brown & Lepore (1996)?

  Prejudice is the holding of derogatory attitudes or beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour toward members of a group on account of their membership in that group.

  
• What does the quote about Samoa and Polynesia suggest about the speaker's views on cultural differences?

  The speaker believes that cultural practices, such as attitudes towards rape, need to be adapted to fit the norms of the speaker's society.

  
• What does the quote regarding the Maori imply about the speaker's perspective on indigenous peoples?

  The speaker expresses a derogatory view of the Maori, suggesting they lack the advantages of Western civilization and the capacity for reasoning.
• What does Patrick Jenkin's quote imply about gender roles in the workplace?

  Jenkin suggests that mothers should not have the same rights to work as fathers, implying a belief in traditional gender roles.
• According to Scruton (1983), what is the perceived cause of destructive human urges like rape?

  Scruton attributes these urges to the sexuality of men, suggesting it is a destructive impulse.

  
• What does the quote from Billig et al. (1988) reveal about the speaker's attitudes towards certain ethnic groups?

  The speaker expresses extreme derogatory and dehumanizing views towards specific ethnic groups.

  
• What does Voltaire's quote suggest about his views on certain peoples?

  Voltaire describes certain peoples as ignorant and barbarous, indicating a highly negative view.
• Who proposed the concept of the Authoritarian Personality?

  Adorno et al. (1950) proposed the concept of the Authoritarian Personality.
• What characterizes the Authoritarian Personality according to Adorno et al.?

  The Authoritarian Personality is characterized by being overly deferential to authority and hostile towards perceived inferiors.

  
• How does childhood experience contribute to the development of the Authoritarian Personality?

  Harsh and demanding parents stifle a child's basic instincts, leading to displaced aggression towards minorities.

  
• What does Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) suggest about group relations?

  RCT suggests that if the interests of two groups coincide, relations will be harmonious, but if there is a conflict of interests, relations will be hostile.

  
• What was the setting of Sherif's field experiments?

  The setting was the Robbers Cave in Oklahoma.
• What was the age and background of the boys involved in Sherif's study?

  The boys were aged 12 and all came from white middle-class homes.
• What occurred during Stage 1 of Sherif's experiment?

  In Stage 1, boys were divided into two groups and engaged in normal camp activities that emphasized cooperation.
• What was the outcome of Stage 2 in Sherif's experiment?

  In Stage 2, competition led to hostility between the groups, resulting in name-calling and verbal abuse.
• What does the Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) aim to demonstrate?

  The MGP aims to create an environment to systematically add variables that elicit discrimination.
• How was group membership assigned in the Minimal Group Paradigm?

  Group membership was assigned arbitrarily, such as through drawing letters from a can or box.
• What did research by Mullen et al. (1992) indicate about discrimination?

  Research shows that people tend to discriminate against those who belong to different groups from themselves.
• What are the key components of the Authoritarian Personality as proposed by Adorno et al.?

  • Overly deferential to authority
  • Hostile towards perceived inferiors
  • Conventional value system with clear distinctions of right and wrong
  • Derogation of minority groups

  
• What are the stages of Sherif's field experiments in the Robbers Cave study?

  1. Stage 1: Boys divided into two groups, engaged in cooperative activities.
  2. Stage 2: Boys entered competition, leading to hostility and name-calling.

  
• What are the main findings of the Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP)?

  • Discrimination can occur even with arbitrary group assignments.
  • Group membership can lead to bias against outgroup members.
  • The MGP demonstrates the ease of eliciting prejudice in controlled settings.

  
• Based on the example provided, what can we conclude about Naomi's feelings towards the fire-twirling group?

  Naomi is prejudiced against the fire-twirling group.
• According to research using the MGP, what could prejudice be a consequence of?

  Prejudice could be a consequence of group membership.