L2

• What does cognitive development refer to?


  Intellectual growth
• What are cognitive processes?


  Processes by which we get to know ourselves and our world
• What are some examples of cognitive processes?

  • Memory
  • Learning
  • Attention
  • Perception
  • Thought
  • Problem Solving
• Who is considered the Father of Cognitive Development?

  Jean Piaget
• What did Jean Piaget propose about children's development?


  He proposed a sequence of development that all normal children follow
• What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Preoperational Stage
  3. Concrete Operations Stage
  4. Formal Operations Stage
• What age range does the Sensorimotor Stage cover?


  Birth to 2 years
• How is cognition tied to external stimulation in the Sensorimotor Stage?


  Cognition is closely tied to external stimulation
• What does "thinking is doing" mean in the context of the Sensorimotor Stage?


  It means cognition consists entirely of behavior
• What is object permanence?


  The idea that objects do not cease to exist when they are out of sight
• At what age do infants begin to look at visual stimuli?

  Birth to 3 months
• What can infants do at 3 months of age?

  Turn head towards noise
• What ability do infants develop by 5 months?

  Grasp and manipulate objects
• What is the "A not B" effect observed in infants?


  It refers to infants searching for an object in the wrong location after it has been hidden
• At what age do infants start to search for hidden objects?

  8 months
• What do infants do at 12 months regarding object permanence?


  They will search in the last place they saw the object
• What is a schema?


  A mental representation or set of rules that defines a particular behavior category
• What is assimilation in cognitive development?


  The process by which new information is modified to fit in with an existing schema
• What is accommodation in cognitive development?


  The process by which an existing schema is modified or changed by new experience
• What is representational thought?


  The ability to form mental representations of others’ behavior
• When does representational thought occur in the sensorimotor period?

  Towards the end of the sensorimotor period
• What are the key aspects of representational thought?

  • Imitation
  • Deferred imitation: ability to imitate actions observed in the past
  • Symbolic play: use of words to represent objects
• What age range does the Preoperational Stage cover?


  2 to 7 years
• What abilities develop during the Preoperational Stage?


  Ability to think logically as well as symbolically
• What is conservation in cognitive development?


  The understanding that specific properties of objects remain the same despite apparent changes
• What is egocentrism in children?


  A child’s belief that others see the world in precisely the same way that he or she does
• What age range does the Concrete Operations Stage cover?

  7 to 12 years
• What abilities are developed during the Concrete Operations Stage?


  Ability to perform logical analysis and empathize with others
• What age range does the Formal Operations Stage cover?


  12 years and upward
• What is abstract reasoning?


  The ability to think about concepts that are not physically present
• What is metacognition?


  The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes
• What is the dependency of formal operations on exposure to scientific thinking?

  Formal operations are dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking