L3

• What is the primary criticism of Piaget’s theory regarding children’s abilities?

  Piaget underestimated children’s abilities at various ages
• What is the first criticism mentioned regarding Piaget's theory?


  Babies don’t seem to start with nothing
• What evidence suggests that infants can perceive depth?

  • The Visual Cliff experiment shows children perceive depth around crawling age.
  • Pre-crawling infants can discriminate between the two sides of the cliff.
• What does the habituation procedure indicate about infants' attention?

  Infants prefer to pay attention to novel stimuli and become accustomed to familiar ones
• At what age do infants appear to understand the principle of occlusion?

  4 months old
• When does the understanding of support develop in infants?


  Gradually by 6 months
• What is the “A not B” error related to?


  Object permanence
• What does the “A not B” error suggest about infants' understanding of object permanence?


  It may represent difficulty overriding a motor habit
• According to Piaget, when do infants develop a concept of number?

  Around 6 years old
• What evidence contradicts Piaget's assertion about infants' understanding of number?

  Even 6-month-olds show some understanding of number
• What social cognition abilities do newborns exhibit?

  • Prefer to look at faces over scrambled faces.
  • Attempt to imitate facial expressions at 3 weeks old.
  • Look in the direction of their mother’s gaze at 9 months old.
• What do 6-month-olds understand about reaching for objects?

  They understand that the object being reached for is separate from the reach itself
• What is the second criticism of Piaget’s theory regarding cognitive development?

  Cognitive development isn’t an all-or-nothing phenomenon
• How do preschoolers demonstrate understanding of counting?


  Toddlers understand what counting is even if they don’t use the right numbers
• What might explain why children younger than 6 can conserve number in relevant tasks?

  Repeated questioning may affect their responses
• What did Piaget believe about egocentrism in children?


  He thought children were egocentric until around 7 years old
• How can 3- and 4-year-olds demonstrate they can pass a diorama task?


  They can pass if the task is relevant
• What behavior do children aged 2 ½ to 3 ½ exhibit when interacting with adults and younger children?


  They turn a book around for adults and bend down when talking to younger children
• What do children under 1 year do in relation to their mother's gaze?


  They turn to see what their mother is looking at