medicine

• Whenever we get sick, we consult a doctor. The doctor gives us medicines and we get well.
• It is only because of biology that the study of various disease-causing microorganisms has been made possible.
• Researchers have investigated the biology of microorganisms and have discovered the methods of controlling the diseases.
• The formulation of drugs for fighting the disease-causing microorganisms has been made possible because of the study of the biology of those microorganisms.
• Pharmacognosy


  A field of science where researchers deal with the secondary metabolites found in many plants, animals, and microbial natural sources
• The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP) defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from different natural sources".
• Most of the countries in South-East Asia Region have a heritage of traditional medicine system.
• According to the recent WHO report, about 80% of world population is still using natural produnt for provide safe
• Medicinal plants


  • Cinchona
  • Foxglove
  • Periwinkle
  • Poppy
• Medicinal animals are important resources linking people to the environment and their use promotes the traditional knowledge related to them.
• Over 50% of commercially available drugs are based on bioactive compounds extracted from non-human species.
• Almost every class of drug includes a model structure derived from nature, exhibiting the classical effects of the specific pharmacological category.
• A great number of these natural products have come to human society from the scientific study of remedies traditionally employed by various cultures.
• Digitalis, which is used in treatment of heart disease, is obtained from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea
• The study of various disease-causing microorganisms has been made possible because of research in biology
• Pharmacognosy


  The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs of natural origin
• American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP): 'Pharmacognosy is defined as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from different natural sources"'
• Most countries in South-East Asia Region have a heritage of traditional medicine systems
• According to the recent WHO report, about 80% of the world population is still using natural products for their primary healthcare needs
• Pharmacognosy can provide safe and effective drugs in combination with the modern medical system
• Many of today's medicines are made from plants
• Aspirin


  Chief ingredient is salicylic acid, originally obtained from the bark of the willow tree
• Quinine


  Drug used to treat malaria, obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree
• Digitalis


  Used in the treatment of heart disease, obtained from the leaves of the foxglove plant
• Periwinkle


  Source of two drugs effective against Hodgkin disease and some leukemia
• Morphine and codeine


  Powerful pain relief compounds extracted from opium poppy
• Over 50% of commercially available drugs are based on bioactive compounds extracted from non-human species
• Almost every class of drug includes a model structure derived from nature
• What are the key points about the structure of living organisms and ecosystems?

  • The structure of living organisms is complex and organized.
  • Chemical cycling is important for the ecosystem.
  • Humans and animals are consumers.
  • The life stages of organisms are diverse.
  • Changes in ecosystems are continuous.
  • The scientific study of ecosystems is called ecology.
• What is zootherapy?


  It is the healing of human minor illnesses using therapies based on medicines obtained from animals
• What is the role of leeches in modern medicine?

  They are used to help reattach digits and close wounds
• How does bradykinin from viper venom relate to hypertension treatment?

  It is developed into the drug captopril, which treats hypertension
• Why is spider silk referred to as bio-steel?

  Because it has super tensile strength
• How is synthetic calcitonin produced from salmon used in medicine?


  It is used to treat calcium regulation disorders
• What is the importance of horseshoe crabs in medicine?

  They have immunity to a wide range of threats, aiding in vaccine and antibiotic development