Memory

• Coding


  The way in which information is stored
• Capacity


  A measure of how much can be held in memory in terms of bits or chunks of information
• Duration


  A measure of how long a memory is held in a store before it is no longer able to be recalled
• Acoustic confusion


  When words are similar they become muddled upon recall which can conclude the STM coding is done mostly acoustically
• Duration of STM


  Trigram retention experiment
• Coding in LTM


  Baddely's Cat/Mat Experiment
• Capacity of LTM


  Unlimited / Infinite
• Duration of LTM


  High School Year Book Experiment
• STM

  • Coding: Acoustic preference
  • Capacity: 7+- 2 items
  • Duration: 18-30s without rehearsal
• LTM

  • Coding: Semantic preference
  • Capacity: Unknown
  • Duration: Lifetime with cues
• MSM AO3

  • KF
  • Clive Wearing
  • Machine reductionism
• WMM AO3

  • Dual task experiments
  • KF
  • PET Brain Scans
  • Machine reductionism
• Episodic memory

  • Personal experiences
  • Hippocampus
  • Ability to recall events from our lives
• Semantic memory

  • Facts/general knowledge
  • Cerebrum
• Procedural memory

  • Muscle memory
  • Cerebellum
  • Practical skills
• Types of LTM AO3

  • Neuroimaging
  • Clive wearing
  • Reductionism
• Interference


  This form of forgetting occurs when one memory disrupts our ability to recall another - when the two memories are similar
• Reteroactive interference


  Occurs when newly acquired information inhibits our ability to recall previously acquired similar information

  "new overrides old"
• Proactive interference


  The tendency for previously acquired information to hinder recall of current similar information

  "Old affects new"
• Retrieval failure


  A form of forgetting that occurs when we don't have the necessary cues to access a memory. The memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.
• Cue


  A trigger of information that allows us to access a memory. Cues may be indirectly linked by being coded at the time of learning.
• Context dependent forgetting


  Lack of the correct environmental/external cues
• Context dependent forgetting study

  Godden and Baddeley's Underwater diver's experiment
• State dependent forgetting


  Lack of the correct personal/internal cues
• State dependent forgetting study

  Drug recall experiment
• Leading questions


  Questions that make it likely that a participant's schema will influence them to give a desired answer
• Misleading information


  Incorrect information given to the eye witnesses that may alter the memory after the event - information that suggests a desired response
• Post-event discussion


  A misleading conversation after an incident has occurred that may alter a witnesses memory - information added to a memory after the event has occurred
• Accuracy of EWT study

  Loftus bumped/smashed experiment
• Real life crime field study


  Yuille and Cutshall's Canada shooting incident
• Factors affecting the accuracy of EWT

  Anxiety

  • Negative effects:
  • low = low attention
  • high = low attention
  • schema fills gaps
  • low accuracy
  • Positive effects:
  • peak adrenaline = high attention
  • no schema involvement
  • high accuracy
• The weapon effect


  Only pay attention to the specific thing that causes anxiety - selective attention - poor EWT
• AO3 Evidence of anxiety causing inaccurate EWT

  • Loftus car crash
  • Weapon effect
  • Reductionism
• Cognitive interview


  A police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime which encourages them to recreate the original context of the crime in order to increase the accessibility of stored information.
• 4 techniques of cognitive interview

  1. Report everything
  2. Reinstatement of context
  3. Change order
  4. Change perspective
• Cognitive interview AO3

  • Use of cognitive interview
  • Baddely's divers - context cues
  • Holistic