Sugars

• What is the formula of glucose?

  C6O12H6
• What are the two types of glucose?

  Alpha & beta
• What bonds do sugar molecules make?

  Glycosidic
• What is the byproduct of condensation reactions?


  Water
• Glycosidic bonds are covalent
• alpha glucose + alpha glucose = maltose

  alpha glucose + fructose = sucrose

  alpha glucose + galactose = lactose
• A glycosidic bond is broken when water is added. This is called hydrolysis.
• What is amylose made up of?

  Glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• What shape is amylose?

  A helix
• Why is amylose hard to digest?

  It is very compact & stabilised by hydrogen bonding between molecules
• What is amylopectin?

  A second type of starch
• What is amylopectin made up of?

  1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds between glucose
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  Branched
• When does 1,6 branching occur in amylopectin?

  Every 25 subunits
• What is cellulose made up of?

  Beta glucose (alternate one turned upside down?)
• What is the structure of cellulose like?

  A straight chain molecule
• How are microfibrils formed?

  When cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other
• Microfibrils join to make microfibrils which join to make fibres
• What are some properties of fibres?

  Strong & insoluble - hard to digest
• Cellulose is a main component of?

  The cell wall
• Which forms more branches: glycogen or amylopectin?

  Glycogen
• What are some properties of glycogen?

  Compact & easy to store
• What happens when you add water to glycogen?

  It releases glucose
• What is a saccharide?

  A single sugar molecule
• What is a disaccharide?

  Two sugar molecules
• What is a polysaccharide?

  Two or more saccharides joined together
• What are some saccharides?

  Glucose & ribose
• What are some polysaccharides?

  Cellulose, glycogen, amylopectin & amylose