Mitosis

• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?


  It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.
• What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis.
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
• Compare the structure and function of cisternae in the Golgi apparatus and cristae in mitochondria.

  • Cisternae: Flattened, membrane-bound sacs in the Golgi apparatus for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.
  • Cristae: Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP production during aerobic respiration.
• What are homologous chromosomes?

  Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same genes at the same loci but may carry different alleles.
• What is a telomere?

  A telomere is a repetitive nucleotide sequence at the end of a chromosome that protects it from deterioration.
• What occurs during interphase?

  Interphase is a period of considerable cell activity, including growth and DNA replication.
• What happens during prophase of mitosis?

  The nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate, chromosomes condense, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
• What is the spindle apparatus?

  The spindle apparatus is formed by spindle fibers that span from pole to pole during mitosis.
• What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

  Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell and attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres.
• What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

  Centromeres divide, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles, and each chromatid is now called a chromosome.
• What occurs during telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis?

  Chromosomes reach the poles, stretch and disappear into chromatin, and the cytoplasm divides to form two new cells.
• How do prokaryotic organisms replicate?

  Prokaryotic organisms replicate by binary fission.
• What is the process of viral replication?


  Viruses replicate by binding to host cells and injecting their DNA or RNA to hijack the host's replication processes.
• What are the importance and functions of mitosis?

  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Reproduction
• How long does a mammalian cell take to complete a cell cycle?


  A mammalian cell takes about 24 hours to complete a cell cycle.
• What happens after a cell completes one cycle?

  It can enter another cell cycle, enter a resting state (G0 phase), or undergo apoptosis.
• What causes cancer?

  Cancer is caused by damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
• What are the differences between malignant and benign tumors?

  • Malignant: Grow rapidly, less compact, more likely life-threatening.
  • Benign: Grow slower, more compact, less likely life-threatening.
• How does chemotherapy treat cancer?


  Chemotherapy disrupts the cell cycle by preventing DNA replication and inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis.