Specialisation

• What two molecules are ribosomes made from?


  Ribosomal RNA and protein
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?


  It modifies and packages protein
• Describe the process of adult cell cloning.

  • Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
  • Nucleus removed from body cell and inserted into empty egg cell
  • Egg cell is given a tiny electric shock to start dividing into an embryo
  • Embryo can then be inserted into a surrogate mother
• Name a cell that would have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and explain why.


  Liver cell, because it secretes enzymes and proteins
• What are the levels of biological organization from cells to organ systems?


  1. Cell: smallest unit of life (e.g., red blood cell)
  2. Tissue: group of different cells (e.g., epithelial)
  3. Organ: group of different tissues (e.g., heart)
  4. Organ system: group of different organs (e.g., digestive)
• What is cellular differentiation better known as?


  Cell specialization
• How do genes function in different cell types?


  Only some genes are expressed by each cell type
• What is an example of a tissue?

  Epithelial tissue
• What is an example of an organ?


  Heart
• What is an example of an organ system?


  Digestive system
• What are the advantages of cellular differentiation?


  • Allows cells to perform specialized functions
  • Increases efficiency of biological processes
  • Supports complex organism structures
• How are cells arranged into tissues?


  • Different cell types group together
  • Work collaboratively to perform a specific function
• How are tissues arranged into organs?


  • Different tissues combine
  • Work together to perform a specific function
• How are organs arranged into organ systems?


  • Different organs group together
  • Collaborate to perform a specific function
• What is the relationship between cellular differentiation and stem cells?


  • Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types
  • Totipotency allows them to develop into any cell type