Structure and bonding

• What is the structure of fullerenes?

  Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
• What is the structure of carbon nanotubes?

  Cylindrical fullerenes with a very high length to diameter ratio
• What is one use of fullerenes?


  Carbon nanotubes in electronics and materials
• What do (s), (l), (g), and (aq) stand for?


  Solid, liquid, gas, aqueous
• What processes happen at the melting point?

  Melting and freezing
• What processes happen at the boiling point?


  Boiling and condensing
• Why do some substances have a higher melting and boiling point?

  They have stronger forces between the particles
• Describe the structure of a metal.

  Giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular pattern
• What are the electrons like in the outer shell of a metal atom?

  Delocalised and free to move through the whole structure
• Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?


  They contain different sized atoms which distort the layers so they can’t slide
• Why can metals be bent and shaped?

  Because the atoms are arranged in layers which can slide over each other
• Why are metals good conductors of electricity and thermal energy?

  The delocalised electrons can carry the electric charge and they can pass on the energy
• What are the limitations of particle diagrams to show the states of matter?

  • They show no forces
  • All the particles are represented as spheres
  • The spheres are solid
• What type of elements does ionic bonding occur between?

  Metal and a non-metal
• What sort of substance loses electrons during ionic bonding?

  Metals
• What sort of substance gains electrons during ionic bonding?

  Non-metals
• What sort of ions do metals form?

  Positive ions
• What sort of ions do non-metals form?


  Negative ions
• What type of structure do ionic compounds have?

  Giant structure
• What holds ionic compounds together?

  Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• What is the charge on a Lithium ion?

  +1
• What is the charge on an oxygen ion?

  • 2
• What is the charge on a magnesium ion?

  +2
• What is the charge on a chloride ion?

  • 1
• Will sodium lose or gain an electron?


  Lose
• Will bromine lose or gain an electron?

  Gain
• Describe the melting and boiling points of giant ionic lattices.

  High melting and boiling points
• When do ionic lattices conduct electricity?


  When molten or dissolved in water
• Why do giant ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points?

  Large amounts of energy needed to break the many strong bonds
• Why do ionic lattices conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water?

  The ions are free to move and so charge can flow
• Why do ionic lattices not conduct electricity when solid?

  The ions are fixed in the lattice so the charge cannot flow
• What type of elements does covalent bonding occur between?


  Two non-metals
• What happens to the electrons during covalent bonding?


  Electrons are shared between atoms
• Give three examples of simple molecules.


  H2O, CO2, Cl2
• Diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide all have what type of structure?


  Giant covalent structure
• Give a limitation of the ball and stick model to show simple molecules.

  It doesn’t show the shape around each atom
• Describe the melting and boiling points of simple covalent molecules.


  Low melting and boiling points
• Do simple covalent molecules conduct electricity?


  No
• What state are simple molecules usually found in?


  Gases or liquids
• Which forces are overcome when a simple molecule is heated?

  Weak intermolecular forces between the molecules