Required Practicals

• Investigating energy transfers practical

  1)Pour boiled water in sealable container

  2) Measure initial temperature with thermometer

  3)Seal container and leave for 5 minutes, use stopwatch

  4) Remove seal and measure final temperature

  5) Repeat experiment but with seals with different matierials
• Using evaporation to sep soluble solids from solutions

  1)Pour solution into an evaporating dish

  2)Slowly heat the solution, the solvent evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated, forming crystals

  3)Keep heating until all thats left is dry crystals
• Evaporation can only be used if the salt doesnt decompose when heated
• Using Crystallisation to separate soluble solids from solutions

  1)Pour solution into evaporating dish and heat, the solvent will evaporate and the solution will become more concentrated

  2) Once you see crystals start to form, remove dish from heat and leave solution to cool

  3)Salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in cold, concentrated solution

  4)Filter crystals out of the solution and leave them to dry
• Using filtration and crystallization to separate rock salt

  1)Grind mixture so salt crystals can dissolve easily

  2)Put mixture in water so the salt dissolves but sand doesnt

  3)Filter the mixture of salt and water

  4)Evaporate the water from salt so it forms crystals
• Testing concentration on rate of reaction

  1)Add a volume of dilute sodium thiosulfate to conical flask

  2)Place flask on a piece of paper with a black cross

  3)Add a volume of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask and start timer

  4)Watch the black cross disappear

  5)Repeat this reaction with different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate

  6)Record the mean time taken for the turbidity to change
• Producing hydrogen gas

  Add a set volume of dilute hydrochloric acid to a conical flask

  Add some magnesium ribbon to the acid and quickly attach an empty gas syringe

  Start timer and taking readings of volume of gas produced at regular intervals
• Temperature Changes Practical

  • Measure 30cm of dilute hydrochloric acid with a measuring cylinder
  • Transfer the acid into a polystyrene cup and stand inside a beaker
  • Measure the temperature of the acid using a thermometer and record
  • Measure a mass of a metal or a volume of sodium hydroxide and transfer into the cup
  • Fit a plastic lid on the cup and poke a thermometer through to observe temperature increase
  • Repeat with different metals or volumes/concentrations of sodium hydroxide
• Making salts

  1. Set up a Bunsen burner and tripod and gauze and place a beaker of dilute sulfuric acid
  2. Gently heat until it is almost boiling
  3. Add small amounts of copper oxide until it stop dissolving and there is some powder remaining - sulfuric acid is now in excess and there is a neutral solution formed
  4. Filter out excess copper oxide until
  5. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish gently until crystals start to form
  6. Allow to cool so more crystals can form
  7. Dry with a drying oven
• Electrolysis

  • Pour 50cm of an aqueous ionic substance into a beaker and place a Petri dish with two holes on the top
  • Insert two carbon graphite rods not touching which will act as the electrodes and place croc clips to the rods and attach to a low voltage power supply and switch on
  • Observe the uncharged elements at each electrode
  • Test for chlorine, oxygen or hydrogen