Biology genetics

• What are the two main types of reproduction in organisms?

  Sexual and asexual reproduction
• What are two ways in which plants naturally produce offspring?

  • Seed production through sexual reproduction
  • Vegetative propagation (e.g., runners, tubers)
• How can reproduction introduce a new variant into a population?

  By combining genetic material from two parents, leading to genetic diversity
• What is an organism's genome?

  It is its entire genetic material
• What are the components of a nucleotide?


  A sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogen base molecule
• What structure does DNA form?

  A double helix structure
• How many nucleotides make up the human genome?

  3 billion nucleotides
• What can doctors do with knowledge of the human genome?


  • Search for genes linked to diseases
  • Discover and treat inherited disorders
• What type of DNA is passed from mother to daughter?

  Mitochondrial DNA
• What does the human genome consist of?


  All the genetic information in an organism's DNA, including genes and non-coding regions
• What is polydactyly?

  An inherited disorder where people have extra fingers or toes
• What causes polydactyly?

  It is caused by a dominant allele
• What happens if one parent is polydactylous?

  All of their offspring will be polydactylous
• What is cystic fibrosis?

  An inherited disorder of the exocrine glands, such as the pancreas and lungs
• What causes cystic fibrosis?


  It is caused by a recessive allele
• What does it mean to be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis?


  It means a person is a carrier and can pass the allele to their children
• What is the probability of having a child with cystic fibrosis if both parents are heterozygous?

  The probability is $\frac{1}{4}$
• What can be shown using a Punnett square diagram?

  • How an individual can be homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive
  • The inheritance patterns of traits
• What is the significance of identifying traits in inheritance?

  It helps understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring
• Advantages asexual

  Don't need mate, faster
• Disadvantage sexual


  Must find mate takes time and energy
• Disadvantages asexual


  Identical what effects adaptation
• How do plants spread species

  By seeds fall from parents plant
• What is dna made up of

  Four different repeating nucleotide
• What is c,g,t,a mean


  The code for amino acud
• What do bases do


  Controls order amino acids form a protien
• Whats a gametes 


  A sex cell by meiosis
• What is a gene


  Small section of dna on a chromosome
• What do genes do

  Codes for sequence of amino acids to make protein
• What do alleles do

  Produce variation characteristics
• Phenotype

  Observed characteristics produced by alleles
• What genotype

  Alleles of gene present in individual (bB)
• How is cystic fibrosis inherited


  Recessive allele (ff)needs to little letters
• Do males have same sex chromosome

  No there different