Hospitality &Catering

• Macronutrients:Complex Carbohydrates

  Starch-cereals,pasta,bread,cales,pastry,

  starchy veg-potatoes,peas,beans,lentils

  Pectin-some fruits like oranges,apples,plums,and carrots

  Dextrin-formed when starchy food are baked or toasted

  dietary fibre/non starch polysaccharide-whole grain cereals and veg with skin on
• Macronutrients:Sugars Carbohydrates

  Glucose-ripe fruit and veg(apples,onions,beetroot,sweet potato,parsnips)

  Fructose-fruits and vegetables and honey
• Macronutrients:Protein

  HBV food(meat,poultry,fish,eggs,milk,cheese,yougurt,quinoa)

  LBV food(bread,pasta,peas)
• Macronutrients:Fats

  Essential fatty acids(in oily fish,plants,eggs,fresh meats)

  Solid Fats(butter,lard,chocolate,meat)

  Liquid plant oils(olive oil,rapeseed,sunflower)

  Visible fats and oils(fat in meat,butter,lard)

  Invisible fats and oils(in cakes,pasteries,chips,biscuits,chocolate)
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin D(fat soluble) helps the body absorb the mineral calcium during digestion

  Sources:the action of sunlight on skin products

  Found in fish,meat,eggs,butter
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin K(fat soluble) sources of green leafy veg,liver,cheese
• Micronutrients:Minerals

  Sofound-controls the amount of water in the body makes nerves and muscles work properly

  Sources salt,seasonings,stock cubes,salted butter
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin B1 allows energy to be released from carbohydrates in the body

  Sources-Pork,milk,cheese,eggs,fresh fruit
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin B2 allows energy to be released from carbohydrates,fats,proteins in the body

  Sources-milk,eggs
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin B3 allows to be released from fats,proteins and carbohydrates in the body

  Sources-beef,pork,eggs,milk
• Micronutrients:Vitamins

  Vitamin A keeps the skin healthy and able children to grow

  Sources-milk,cheese,butter,eggs,green leafy veg,peas,orange,carrots,tomatoes,peppers
• Carbohydrates is the main source of energy for the body which enables it to move, produce heat make sound, digest food, use the brain
• Fats gives energy, insulates the body from the cold, protects the bones and kidneys, provides vitamins A,D,E,K
• Protein helps the growth and repair the body when its injured and it gives the body energy.
• Starches – found in cereal grains such as rice, wheat, oats, plus starchy tubers (potatoes and sweet potatoes) and vegetables (carrots, beets, corn)

  Sugars – lactose found in milk and dairy, fructose found in honey, fruits and some vegetables (peppers, tomatoes etc.)
• Carbohydrates

  Two types:

  1. Starchy (complex)

  provide energy when broken down – slow release energy to the body (wholegrain provide slower release carbohydrates)

  2. Sugary (simple) provide quick release energy to the body's’ cells.
• Deficiency of carbohydrates is extremely rare in the UK. 

  Long term lack of carbohydrates in the diet can cause Ketosis – a condition where the body switches to using protein as an energy source. 

  Visible symptoms- lack of energy and weight loss.

  Non- visible symptoms- Not enough fibre from wholegrains foods leads to constipation and other intestinal problems.
• too much carbohydrates

  If not used for energy it becomes stored as fat. Visible symptoms weight gain and obesity.

  Non- visible- eating too much non refined(white carbs) leads to tooth decay, raising blood sugar levels and type 2 diabetes
• High Biological Value (HBV) protein: Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, 

  Low Biological Value (LBV) protein: Tofu, beans, nuts.
• Protein is digested by the body into its component parts – called amino acids. There are 8 which are essential for adults and  12 for children. HBV protein foods contain all the essential amino acids. 
• Protein

  Visible symptoms- 

  • Wasting of muscle & muscle loss
  • Oedema – build up of fluids in the body
  • Slow growth in children

  Severe deficiency leads to kwashiorkor (bloating of the stomach)

  Non-visible symptoms-  weaker immune system which needs protein to function properly. 
• Too much protein

  Visible symptoms excess stored as fat, lead to weight gain and obesity.

  Non-visible symptoms- Puts a strain on how well the kidneys work.
• Sources of fats

  Butter, cheese, dairy foods including yogurt, crème fraiche, milk

  Oils, lard, suet, dripping.
• Fat is a term used to describe lipids – this can refer to solid fats and oils.  Fat is broken down by the body and used for energy,

  Also used to provide warmth when stored under the skin.

  Is a dietary carrier of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E & K. 

  Two types of fats: Unsaturated and saturated.
• Deficiency of fats

  Visible symptoms- Weight loss over time as the body uses stores of fat.  Person feels cold as fat under skin acts as insulator. 

  Non-visible symptoms- Bruising of the bones as  they are not protected. Lack of fat in the diet can lead to deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E & K. 
• Too much fats

  Common issue in the UK

  Visible symptoms- Stored under the skin in adipose tissue cells, which leads to disease such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and heart disease and high bloody pressure. 

  Non-visible symptoms- Internal organs store fat which prevents them working properly.  Fat blocks arteries. 
• Vitamin C is needed for Normal structure and function of connective tissue e.g. collagen. 

  Helps healing process. 

  Antioxidant (protects from free radicals). 

  Helps absorb iron in the body.

  Improves immune system. 
• Vitamin C is found in Main sources from plants – fruits and vegetables.

  Milk and liver contain small amounts.
• If there is a deficiency of vitamin c:

  • Scurvy, very rare symptoms include bleeding gums, wounds not healing properly, tiredness. 

  Lack of vitamin C effects absorption of iron. Excess is eliminated from the body within 24 hours so not a problem.
• Vitamin B1 Thiamin is needed for Normal function of the nervous system and heart
• Thiamin is found in Whole grains, meat, flour and breakfast cereals
• Vitamin B1

  Deficiency-Beri-beri (disorder of the nervous system).

  Excess-body excretes it.
• Vitamin B2 riboflavin is needed for Release of energy from food.
• Vitamin B2 is found in Milk, eggs, green vegetables, cereals.
• If there is a deficiency of vitamin 2:

  Deficiency

  • Dry cracked skin around the mouth and nose.

  Excess-body excretes it.
• Vitamin B3 is needed for Energy release, skin and membranes.
• Vitamin B3 is found in Milk, eggs, cheese, meat.
• If there is a deficiency of vitamin B3

  Deficiency- disease pellagra. Symptoms can include dermatitis, dementia and diarrhoea.

  Excess-body excretes it.
• If there is a deficiency in vitamin b3 niacin

  Deficiency- disease pellagra. Symptoms can include dermatitis, dementia and diarrhoea.

  Excess-body excretes it.
• Vitamin B9 folate is needed for Red blood cells and nervous system.