L1 - Hauora

• What is the concept of Psychopathology?


  The study of psychological disorders
• What field does Clinical Psychology belong to?


  Psychopathology
• What is the focus of Clinical Psychology in Aotearoa New Zealand?


  To understand psychopathology within a bicultural context
• What critical thinking approaches are used in studying psychopathology?


  • Experimental studies (RCTs)
  • Correlational studies (naturalistic associations)
  • Qualitative studies (in-depth exploration)
  • Practitioner experience
  • A bicultural perspective

  
• What is the structure of each lecture in this block?

  • A core topic in Clinical Psychology
  • Ideas linked to Te Whare Tapa Whā
  • Illustrated with example studies and videos
  • Learning outcomes summarized at the end
  • Readings and guiding questions provided

  
• What is the preferred language used in this class regarding individuals with disorders?

  Person first language
• Who are the professionals that work in the field of psychopathology?

  • Clinical Psychologists (Kaimātai Hauora Hinengaro)
  • Psychiatrists (Rata Hauora Hinengaro)
  • Counsellors (Kaiwhakamahereora Hinengaro)
  • Social Workers (Tauwhiro)
  • Māori mental health workers (Kaituku Haumanu ā-ahurea)
  • Psychiatric Nurses
  • Occupational therapists (Haumanu Ngangahau)
  • Neurologists
  • Researchers (Kairangahau)
• Where do professionals in psychopathology typically work?


  • Health care settings
  • NGOs
  • Universities
  • ACC
  • Private Care
• How has the history of psychopathology evolved in the US and UK?


  Our understanding has grown and changed, with effective treatments in certain settings
• What does Te Rau Hinengaro aim to understand?


  The prevalence of major mental health disorders and barriers to health care use
• What are the aims of the Te Rau Hinengaro survey?


  1. Understand prevalence rates for major mental health disorders
  2. Understand barriers to health care use
  3. Understand disability associated with disorders
  4. Understand mental health needs in understudied populations (e.g., Māori and Pacific Peoples)

  
• What methodology was used in the Te Rau Hinengaro survey?

  • Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0)
  • 12,992 structured interviews with adults over 16
  • Oversampling of Māori and Pacific peoples
• What percentage of participants met the criteria for one disorder in the Te Rau Hinengaro survey?


  40%
• What was noted about health service use among those with serious disorders in the last 12 months?


  60% of those with a serious disorder accessed services
• Which populations were less likely to access mental health services according to the findings?

  Māori and Pacific Peoples
• What factors contribute to inequities in Aotearoa New Zealand?

  • Migration histories (e.g., urbanisation)
  • Racism (e.g., institutional)
  • Colonisation
  • Socio-economic status
  • Age
• How can inequities be addressed in mental health care?

  • Te Tiriti o Waitangi informed approach
  • Practitioners need cultural competencies
  • Aim for equal mental health outcomes
• What does clinical work encompass beyond the presence of illness?


  It involves understanding what it means to be unwell and healthy
• What does hauora explore?


  • Various aspects of wellbeing
  • From a Māori lens
  • Based on a Māori worldview
• What are the four sides of Te Whare Tapa Whā?


  1. Taha Hinengaro: Emotional wellbeing
  2. Taha Tinana: Physical wellbeing
  3. Taha Wairua: Spiritual wellbeing
  4. Taha Whānau: Social wellbeing
• What does Taha Hinengaro refer to?


  Your emotional wellbeing, including thoughts and feelings
• What does Taha Tinana refer to?


  Your physical wellbeing and overall health
• What does Taha Wairua encompass?


  Your spiritual wellbeing and connection to values
• What does Taha Whānau focus on?


  Your social wellbeing and relationships
• What are the benefits of the Te Whare Tapa Whā model?


  • Allows space for psychopathology and wellbeing
  • Prioritises aspects of wellbeing important to Māori
  • Helps consider other aspects of wellbeing
• How does culture influence the concept of hauora?


  Culture shapes values and influences what hauora looks like to individuals
• Who works in the field of psychopathology?


  Professionals who work in the field of psychopathology include clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, social workers, Māori mental health workers, psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, neurologists, and researchers.

  
• What were the main aims of the Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey?


  The main aims of the Te Rau Hinengaro survey were to: 1) better understand the prevalence rates of major mental health disorders, 2) understand barriers to health care use, 3) understand disability associated with disorders, and 4) understand mental health needs in understudied populations like Māori and Pacific Peoples.

  
• What were some of the key findings from the Te Rau Hinengaro survey?


  Key findings from the Te Rau Hinengaro survey included: 40% of the population met criteria for at least one mental disorder, 60% of those with a serious disorder in the last 12 months had not accessed health services, and there were differences in disorder rates for young people and those with lower socioeconomic status.

  
• What are some of the inequities in mental health outcomes observed in Aotearoa New Zealand?


  Some of the inequities observed in Aotearoa New Zealand include higher rates of mental disorders among marginalized populations like ethnic minorities, those with lower socioeconomic status, and younger people. These inequities are linked to risk factors like racism, colonization, and socioeconomic disadvantage.

  
• How can we address the inequities in mental health outcomes in Aotearoa New Zealand?


  To address inequities, a Te Tiriti o Waitangi-informed approach is needed, where practitioners develop cultural competencies and work towards achieving equal mental health outcomes for all populations.

  
• What is the Te Whare Tapa Whā model of wellbeing?


  The Te Whare Tapa Whā model of wellbeing consists of four dimensions: taha hinengaro (mental and emotional wellbeing), taha tinana (physical wellbeing), taha wairua (spiritual wellbeing), and taha whānau (social wellbeing).

  
• How can the Te Whare Tapa Whā model be beneficial for understanding psychopathology?


  The Te Whare Tapa Whā model can be beneficial for understanding psychopathology because it allows space to consider both the presence of illness and overall wellbeing, and prioritizes aspects of wellbeing that are important from a Māori worldview.

  
• How might your own cultural background influence your understanding of hauora (wellbeing)?


  Your own cultural background will shape what aspects of hauora you value and prioritize. You may give more space to certain dimensions of wellbeing, and you may also add additional elements to the Te Whare Tapa Whā model based on your cultural perspective.

  
• What are the key ideas covered in this block of lectures?

  • Thinking critically about psychopathology using different research methods
  • Taking a bicultural perspective on psychopathology and wellbeing
  • Diagnostic criteria and key theories/issues related to various disorders
  • Linking core topics in clinical psychology to the Te Whare Tapa Whā model

  
• How does the lecture model for this block work?


  • Each lecture covers a core topic in clinical psychology
  • Ideas are linked to the Te Whare Tapa Whā model
  • Lectures include example studies and videos
  • Learning outcomes are summarized towards the end
  • Readings and guiding questions are provided

  
• What are some important notes about the language used in this class?

  • Person-first language is usually used (e.g. "person with a disorder")
  • The term "abnormal" is used
  • Readings are from Passer and Smith (2019) Chapters 15-16

  
• How does the Te Whare Tapa Whā model differ from a traditional Western biomedical model of health and wellbeing?


  The Te Whare Tapa Whā model is more holistic, considering spiritual, social, and emotional dimensions of wellbeing in addition to physical health, whereas the traditional Western biomedical model focuses primarily on physical/biological factors.

  
• If you wanted to observe the detailed surface features of a cell, which type of microscope would you use?

  A scanning electron microscope (SEM) would be used to observe the detailed surface features of a cell.