pharmacology

• one time ( single ) - will be carried out once only
• PRN (as needed) )-will be carried out when the need arises
• Standing Order- carried out continuously until further notice or specified time
• Sliding dose order- carried out according to the set parameters
• Monitoring

  The effectiveness of the drug therapy must be evaluated.
• Dependence A physiologic or psychological need for a drug
• Tolerance A decreasing response to repeated drug doses
• Therapeutic index

  The ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects
• Drug interactions: Alteration of the action of one drug by another
• Synergistic effect Occur when two drugs administered together interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone
• Antagonistic effect Occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately
• Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

  Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages
• allergic reactions An immune response wherein various chemical mediators (histamine, cytokines, other inflammatory substances) are released
• allergic reaction Immunoglobulins recognize the drug, its metabolite or another ingredient in a drug formulation as a dangerous foreign substance; they bind to the substance in an attempt to neutralize it
• allergic reaction - Can result in mild reactions (skin erythema or rashes) or to severe/ life threatening reactions (constriction of bronchial airways and tachycardia)
• Idiosyncratic reaction - Not the result of a known pharmacologic property of a drug or of a patient allergy but instead occurs unexpectedly in a particular patient
• idiosyncratic reaction Genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug (ex, deficiency or excess of an enzyme)
• Teratogenic

  result in structural defects in the fetus
• Mutagenic permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organis; consist of alterations in chromosome structure, the number of chromosomes, or the genetic code of the DNA
• Carcinogenic

  cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation and viruses
• Enteral Administration ( GIT)

  Tablets and Capsule Lozenges or Troche Liquids Suppositories
• Solutions drugs dissolved in water
• Syrups- Drugs dissolved in sugar solution
• Elixir- Drugs dissolved in alcohol and water; some add

  flavoring agents
• Tinctures- Drugs dissolved in alcohol alone
• Suspension- Fine, undissolved drugs are dispersed and

  suspended in liquid, usually water
• Solid Dosage FormTabletTablets

  Tablets

  B. Scored Tablets

  C. Enteric-coated tablets

  D. Capsules

  E. Controlled release capsules

  F. Gelatin Capsules
• Percutaneous Administration

  Topical Transdermal Instillations Inhalation
• Solutions liquid preparations; drugs dissolved in water, alcohol and occasionally oil
• Lotions- liquid preparations which are thicker than solutions and with less alcohol
• Liniments- liquid preparations in oily, soapy or alcohol mixture; similar to lotion, but applied with friction

  • Ex: Omega Liniment, Tiger balm
• Creams- semi-solid preparations where drugs are prepared as non-greasy emulsion
• Paste- Smooth, soft mixture which is similar to oinment but thicker
• ointments - prepared with a greasy, oil base
• Gel or jelly- A translucent semi-solid preparation that liquefies when applied to skin
• Foam- A frothy preparation usually applied to the scalf
• Powder- Topical drugs prepared as finely ground solid particles; Can be applied directly to skin
• Solid- Topical drugs in solid forms
• Vapor- Applied as ointment or gels, but reaches the mucus membranes through vaporization.
• Parenteral Administration

  Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous