flash cards

• What is Boserupian theory named after?


  Danish economist Ester Boserup
• What does Boserupian theory explain?


  The relationship between population growth and agricultural development
• In which decade was Boserupian theory developed?


  The 1960s
• According to Boserupian theory, what can population growth lead to?


  Technological advancements and increased food production
• What does Boserupian theory focus on?


  Agricultural intensification
• How does Boserupian theory challenge previous assumptions about population growth?


  It suggests that population growth can lead to innovation rather than food shortages
• What are the key principles of Boserupian theory?


  1. Population pressure drives innovation
  2. Necessity is the mother of invention
  3. Agricultural intensification occurs in stages
  4. Technology adapts to population needs
  5. Human ingenuity can overcome resource limitations
• According to Boserupian theory, what is the primary driver of agricultural innovation?


  Population growth
• What is the third stage of agricultural intensification?


  Annual cropping
• What happens in the second stage of agricultural intensification?


  Fallow periods are reduced
• What is the first stage of agricultural intensification according to Boserupian theory?


  Long fallow cultivation
• What is the long-term outlook of Boserupian theory regarding agricultural production?


  Agricultural production can increase with population
• What does Boserupian theory suggest about human capability in response to population growth?


  Humans are adaptable and inventive
• How do Boserupian and Malthusian theories differ in their views on population growth?


  • Boserupian Theory: Positive force for change, leads to innovation and intensification
  • Malthusian Theory: Negative threat to resources, leads to scarcity and crisis
• If a population doubles, what outcome does Boserupian theory predict for agriculture?


  Development of new farming techniques to increase crop yields
• What does the fourth stage of agricultural intensification involve?


  Multi-cropping
• What is the final stage of agricultural intensification?


  Intensive multi-cropping
• How does agricultural intensification relate to labor input and technological sophistication?


  Each stage represents an increase in labor input and technological sophistication
• What are some real-world examples of Boserupian theory in action?


  1. Green Revolution in India and Mexico
  2. Netherlands agriculture as a major food exporter
  3. Terraced farming in the Philippines and Peru
  4. Urban agriculture with vertical gardens and rooftop farms
• In a scenario with rapid population growth and limited land, what outcome does Boserupian theory predict?


  Development of vertical farming techniques to maximize land use
• What innovative methods might emerge in a densely populated urban area according to Boserupian theory?


  Development of innovative urban farming methods like rooftop gardens and vertical farms
• What does Boserupian theory suggest about the relationship between population pressure and agricultural innovation?


  Population pressure drives the necessity for agricultural innovation
• What is the focus of geography paper 2?


  Physical landscapes in the UK (rivers and coasts)
• What are the key river processes that shape the landscape?

  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
• What are the key river landforms found in the upper course of a river?


  1. shaped valleys
• What landforms are typically found in the middle course of a river?

  Meanders and ox-bow lakes
• What landforms are associated with the lower course of a river?

  Floodplains and levees
• How does a waterfall form?


  A waterfall forms when a river flows over bands of hard and soft rock, eroding the soft rock faster.
• What is the primary river process responsible for the formation of an ox-bow lake?


  Erosion
• What are the key coastal processes that shape the coastline?


  Erosion, transportation, and deposition
• What are the key coastal landforms formed by erosion?


  Cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps
• Which coastal landform is typically formed by deposition?


  Spit
• How is a stack formed in coastal landscapes?


  A stack forms when waves erode a weakness in a cliff, creating a cave, then an arch, and finally a free-standing stack as the arch collapses.
• What are the key factors affecting river and coastal landscapes?

  • Geology: Rock type and structure
  • Climate: Rainfall patterns, temperature
  • Vegetation: Type and density of plant cover
  • Human activities: Land use, urbanisation, coastal defences
• How does geology influence river landscapes?


  Areas with resistant rock tend to form steeper river valleys and more rugged coastlines.
• What effect might increased rainfall due to climate change have on river landscapes?


  Increased rainfall would lead to higher river discharge, increasing erosion and flood risk.
• What are the two main categories of river and coastal management strategies?

  Hard engineering and soft engineering
• What are examples of hard engineering strategies for river and coastal management?


  • Rivers: Dams, channelization, embankments
  • Coasts: Sea walls, groynes, rock armour
• What are examples of soft engineering strategies for river and coastal management?


  • Rivers: Flood plain zoning, afforestation
  • Coasts: Beach nourishment, managed retreat
• What is the purpose of the Thames Barrier in London?


  To protect the city from tidal surges and river flooding