Russia

• What years are covered in the pages 35-56 of Hastings' book?

  1992
• What was the political change in Russia after the monarchy fell?


  It was replaced by two governments.
• What did the Provisional Government struggle with after the monarchy fell?


  Establishing a new political system.
• How did the February Revolution affect the ordinary people's capacity to organize?


  It caused a tremendous surge in their capacity to organize themselves.
• What was the historical basis of the peasant commune in Russia?


  It was based on the centuries-old practices of peasants managing their own affairs.
• What did the removal of the government lead to among Russian workers, peasants, and soldiers?


  A veritable explosion of 'self-help' organizations.
• What was the immediate concern of workers after the February Revolution?


  'Workers control' over their workplaces.
• What did some employers do in response to the struggles for survival of enterprises?

  They decided to lock out workers and cease operations.
• What were the armed contingents formed during the February days known as?


  The Red Guards.
• What role did the Red Guards play in industrial areas?


  They maintained order and patrolled factory premises.
• What was the significance of the Kornilov affair in August?


  It dramatically revived the fortunes of the Bolsheviks.
• What did Lenin advocate regarding Russia's involvement in the war?


  Russia should unilaterally pull out of the war.
• What was Lenin's view on the socialist revolution?


  It would take place on an international scale.
• How did the Kornilov affair affect the relationship between the Bolsheviks and the High Command?


  It left the Bolsheviks resentful of the High Command.
• What was the outcome of General Kornilov's actions in August?


  He exposed himself to maximum humiliation.
• Who was the Prime Minister during the Kornilov affair?

  Kerensky
• What did Kerensky aim to restore during the Kornilov affair?


  Military discipline.
• What was the contradiction in Kerensky's position during the Kornilov affair?


  He wanted to restore military discipline while fearing Kornilov's proposals would alienate his support.
• What did the Provisional Government's position lead to during the Kornilov affair?


  Confusion and ambiguity among the delegates.
• What was the fate of General Krymov during the Kornilov affair?


  He committed suicide.
• What did the Kornilov affair reveal about the Bolsheviks' position?


  It significantly increased their political importance.
• How did the Kornilov affair impact the Provisional Government's authority?


  It undermined their authority and credibility.
• Who committed suicide after fighting on the wrong side?

  General Krymov
• What did Kerensky want to restore after the June offensive?

  Military discipline
• How did Kornilov's proposed measures affect Kerensky's position?


  They would alienate his supporters with Bolshevik backing
• What was the outcome of Kornilov's actions?


  It dramatically revived the fortunes of the Bolsheviks
• Who led the group of Bolsheviks that arrived in Petrograd on the 26th?

  Lenin
• How were the Bolsheviks received upon their arrival in Petrograd?


  They were welcomed as heroes
• What was the political situation for the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries after the Kornilov affair?


  They were shaken and unable to restore order
• What recent event in the German Baltic Fleet influenced the Bolsheviks' actions?


  A mutiny
• What did Lenin persuade his colleagues on the Central Committee about the rising?


  That a rising was on the way
• What was the main argument between Lenin and his colleagues like Zinoviev and Kamenev?


  Whether to work with other socialist parties or go it alone
• What did the Bolsheviks believe about their role in the revolution?


  They embodied the people and would lead the revolution
• What did the Bolsheviks need to improve after seizing power?


  The food supply and industrial economy
• What was the Bolsheviks' stance on the 'Second World War'?


  They were pleading for a 'popular front' policy
• How did the Bolsheviks' view of events affect their status in the army?


  It seemed to matter and influenced their recruitment
• What did the All-Russian Congress of Soviets do in June?


  Condemned the formation of a Committee of Public Safety
• What was the expectation regarding the authority of the All-Russian Executive Committee (VTSIK)?


  It was expected to conduct business between sessions
• How did Lenin and the Central Committee's interaction affect the Bolsheviks' seizure of power?


  It allowed them to seize power under the guise of self-defense
• What did the Provisional Government do in response to the Bolsheviks' actions?


  Condemned their unilateral seizure of power