CSMP case studies

• Lympstone-Past characteristics 


  Thirteenth century-one of the small ports operating under the administration of Exeter.

  Thrived in nineteenth century with shipbuilding. Scale of ships increased and the industry ceased. Tourism began in the 1800s as it attracted wealthy families from Devon.
• Toxteth-past characteristics 


  Former gated forest. As Liverpool became a major port in the Industrial Revolution and Toxteth became more urban and industrial and a copper works and a ceramics factory. In nineteenth century areas behind large villas, were cheap constructed housing.
• Demographic of Lympstone


  Not ethnically diverse and more old people in Lympstone. Tourism in the 60s and 70s provided few opportunities to immigrants.
• Demographic of Toxteth 


  0-15 years old-13.9%

  16-64 years old-75.5%

  over 65-10.6%
• Cultural face of Toxteth 


  Major muslim religious festivals such as Eid and Ramadan. Friday prayers for Muslims is different to the Sunday prayer of Christians. Toxteth cultural diversity stretches back into the nineteenth century when a Greek Orthodox Church was built.
• Lympstone cultural face


  Rhythm of cultural year is based on Christian year with Christmas and Easter.
• Socio economic-characteristics Toxteth


  Average household size-1.9

  Owner-occupiers-24.0

  Rent from social landlord-34.2

  Rent from private landlord-39.3

  Car availability (no access)-54.4

  People with bad or very bad health-9.4

  %16 or over with no formal qualifications-27.2
• Socio-economic-Lympstone


  Average household size-2.3

  Owner occupiers-66.1

  Rent from social landlord-12.1

  Rent from private landlord-20.6

  Car availability (no access)-12.7

  % people with bad or very bad health-4.1

  % aged 16 or over and with no formal qualis-14.1
• Built environment-Toxteth 


  Been adapted by migrant communities. Mosques and ethnic retailers are visual indicators of a changing place. Many buildings have changed their use and new ones have been constructed.
• Built environment-Lympstone


  Former low order shops have been closed and converted to residences. New housing has been constricted, large houses on the cliff top. Heart of village subject to strict planning rules and local residents protect the architecture.
• Birmingham-industrial revolution 


  Nineteenth century saw extraordinary growth. Gun, jewellery, button and brass industries. Cadbury set up Bournville factory and model village for the workers on the southeast of the city. Industry and trade required financing, banks, insurance and legal firms to form. Lloyds and Midlands bank were founded in Birmingham in the mid nineteenth century. Heart of canal network and London to Brum railway 1838.
• 1900 to 1950s 


  Austin car plant opened in Longbridge in 1906. Vehicle industry expanded, hundreds of small firms supplying vehicle components opened up around the city. 1917, Dunlop tyre company set up Fort Dunlop employing 10,000 by 1950s. Sustained economic growth and continued population growth.
• Housing 


  Large areas of terraces built for workers in walking distance to their jobs. Many squeezed into spaces between factories. Development of middle class who could commute to work pushed expansion. Trams, railways and later buses also facilitated urban expansion.
• Industrial decline

  1970-83 earnings fell from one of the highest in the UK to almost the lowest of any region. 1982 unemployment almost reached 19.4%. Caught up in recession of the 1970s. Oil prices increased and shocked the global economic system. Traditional industries were beginning to suffer from overseas competition from TNC’s based in countries with lower production cost.
• Vehicle industry 


  Decline in 1970s, from foreign based TNCs opening factories elsewhere in Britain. Products were seen more reliable and better value for money. Locations were picked on grants fro. UL government. Strikes were frequent and both management and unions were players in the decline in the industry. Less attractive to foreign invesment.
• Housing 2

  110,000 sub-standard house after WW2. 400 tower blocks constructed in 50s and 60s between 1945 and 1970 over 81,000 new houses were constructed. People relocated to peripheral estates in the northeast such as Castle Vale. Green Belt was set up by gov to restrict outward expansion by increasing land value.
• Demography

  Significant migration in inner city from 1950s from Caribbean, South Asia and far east. Tend to cluster in areas of cheap housing good access to employment. Growing service sector provided many low skilled jobs. Mosques and Temples followed after this migration. Ethnic enclave followed.
• Role of government in recent regeneration 


  Attracted inward investment through the NEC and expansion of the International Airport. Brings significant money in the region. Attracted foreign investment this way. City Challenge and Single Regeneration Budget which were designed to help places access funding for redevelopment. BHSC established in 1992 to bring regeneration to old industrial areas such as Nechells.
• New Deal Scheme 1999


  Provided broadband access in parts of the inner city and set up work experience programmes to try to improve the employment oppurtunities.
• Planning development


  Act as a catalyst for socio-economic change. Public spaces developed in the centre such as Centenary Square. Town Hall was refurbished.
• Flagship development 


  Funded by the EU, International Convention and Symphony Hall opened in 1991. Symphany Orchestra brought culture as a player for economic change. Barclaycard Centre attracts international conferences. Multiplier effect as hotels, restaurants and leisure facilities benefit from visitors and spending.
• 3 other players

  5 city universities with student population of 50,000. Brings a youthful profile to the city. Such institutions bring wealth to the area. Employ large number of students who then have income to spend. Students provide a whole host of goods and services.
• Service provision 


  Bull Ring redevelopment in the 1960s was Europe’s first major indoor shopping centre. Refurbished and along with flagship buildings, such as the Selfridges department store.
• Environment of the city 


  Streets have been pedestrianised and provided with high-quality street furniture and trees. Canal and River trust set up in 2012, to oversee the canal system, as well as local government and the private sector.
• New Street

  £700 million investment. Network Rail, private developers and retailers such as John Lewis created an area called Grand Central. Shops, cafes and restaurants and offices have created 1000 jobs.
• Motorways 


  Birmingham home to national network. M6 linking to the M1 just to the east, M5 and M40 are major spokes, while the M42 provides a ring-road from the southwest to the southeast of the city. Have been developed by national gov.
• Birmingham Development Plan 


  Guides decisions on development and regeneration in the city up to 2031. Deals where new homes, jobs, services and infrastructure will be delivered and the type of place Brum is likely to become over the next few decades.
• Northwood 


  Communituy in norther part of city of Irvine, Orange County, California Irvine developed as fully planned city in the 60s. City’s vision is to create and maintain a community where people can live work and play in an environment that is are, vibrant and aesthetically pleasing. 22,000 people live in Northwood
• Residents 


  Well of financially. Median income $86,500 a year compared to $52,250 being the national average. Access to employment for Irvine good here. Uni of California, cities largest employer. A number of well-established tech companies such as Blizzard, Broadcom and other medical and aerospace firms. TNC like Kia, Mazda and Toshiba have headquarters here.
• Healthcare

  Excellent even by high standards of AC. Air pollution relatively low as Northwood is on edge of Los Angeles and avoids smog common in places towards the centre.
• Education

  Among the best achieving schools in USA. 5 high schools and several tertiary education facilities. Educational standards of residents his high, 68.5% of residents over 25 have first degrees and 20.5% possessing masters or doctorates.
• Crime 


  70% lower than national average. Safer than 96% of the cities in California. 50 Violent crime incidents per 100,000 people compared to 220 per 100,000 people nationally.
• Ethnicity 


  Half the residents are white, second biggest group is Asian, mainly coming from Vietnam.
• Housing conditions

  Single family houses on relatively large lots. 91% own their home and 2/3 of these have lived in Northwood for more than 10 years. Average household size is 2.8 persons. Streets lined with trees, eucalyptus, a legacy of windbreaks established when the area was farmland.
• Future 


  Features among the highest ranked cities in the USA for factors such as safety, management and best place to live. During downturns in the economy, the area retains its reputation for high-paid employment, Combination of high-quality housing, transport infrastructure, education, facilities such as retailing and a Mediterranean style climate along with easy access to the beaches along the Pacific.
• Jembatan Besi 


  Slum in Jakarta 4km NW of city centre. Organic development over 40 years as Jakarta has expanded. Population of 4000 it is one of Jakartas most densely populated districts. Families have loved their for several generations or migrant workers who may only stay for a few months.
• Housing-JB 


  Demand foe affordable housing greatly exceeds the supply. Neither the gov nor the private sector has resources to cope with increasing population wanting to live in Jakarta. People themselves don’t have resources to afford more expensive formal housing.
• Jobs-JB 


  Average income is $4/day but this isn’t regular income for many. Employment often insecure with most residents able to provide only unskilled and casual labour. Much self employment or families running own small businesses. Selling food or second hand goods is common. Jakarta has significant garment industry and many small scale operators in slum areas.
• Health-JB 


  Sanitation hardly exists in JB. Few homes have a toilet and are poorly built and run for profits by local businesses, Toilets tend to flush out into open sewers in street. No clean running water. Groundwater available but polluted due to JB being built on former waste tip.
• Epidemics-JB


  Water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid are common. Tropical hot and humid climate means malaria is an issue, as is hepatitis A. Very young and elderly risk of dehydration due to diarrhoea by poor hygiene.