memory

• What is the definition of capacity in memory?


  It is a measure of the amount of information that can be stored in memory.
• What is the definition of coding in memory?


  Coding refers to the way that information is modified so it can be stored in memory.
• What forms can information be stored in memory according to coding?


  Information can be stored in the form of visual, acoustic, or semantic codes.
• What is the definition of duration in memory?


  Duration is a measure of how long a memory can be stored before it is no longer available.
• What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson’s study on STM duration?


  To investigate how long short-term memory can retain information.
• What method did Peterson and Peterson use in their study?


  Participants were given a nonsense consonant triad and a three-digit number.
• What task did participants perform during the retention period in Peterson and Peterson’s study?


  They had to count down in threes from their three-digit number.
• What were the retention periods used in Peterson and Peterson’s study?


  3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 seconds.
• What was the main finding of Baddeley’s study on coding in LTM and STM?


  Participants struggled short-term with acoustically similar words and long-term with semantically similar words.
• What did Baddeley conclude about the encoding of LTM and STM?


  LTM is encoded semantically and STM acoustically.
• What is the definition of proactive interference?


  It refers to when past learning interferes with attempts to learn something new.
• What is the definition of capacity in memory?


  It is a measure of the amount of information that can be stored in memory.
• What is the definition of coding in memory?


  Coding refers to the way that information is modified so it can be stored in memory.
• What forms can information be stored in memory according to coding?


  Information can be stored in the form of visual, acoustic, or semantic codes.
• What is the definition of duration in memory?


  Duration is a measure of how long a memory can be stored before it is no longer available.
• What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson’s study on STM duration?


  To investigate how long short-term memory (STM) lasts without rehearsal.
• What method did Peterson and Peterson use in their study?


  Participants were given a nonsense consonant triad and a three-digit number to count down from.
• What were the retention periods used in Peterson and Peterson’s study?


  The retention periods were 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 seconds.
• What did Baddeley’s study on coding in LTM and STM conclude?


  Baddeley concluded that LTM is encoded semantically and STM acoustically.
• What types of word lists did Baddeley use in his study?


  One semantically similar, acoustically different, and one semantically different, acoustically similar.
• What is the definition of proactive interference?


  Proactive interference refers to when past learning interferes with attempts to learn something new.
• What is the definition of retroactive interference?


  Retroactive interference refers to when current attempts at learning interfere with the recollection of past learning.
• What was the aim of Goodwin’s study on state-dependent forgetting?


  To investigate how the state of the participant affects memory recall.
• What were the conditions in Goodwin’s study?


  Participants had to learn a word list either drunk or sober.
• What were the results of Goodwin’s study on state-dependent forgetting?


  Recall of the words was best when participants were in the same state during both encoding and recall.
• Who studied the case of HM?


  Scoville and Milner studied HM.
• What happened to HM in the study by Scoville and Milner?


  HM had his hippocampus removed to treat his epilepsy.
• What was the outcome for HM after his surgery?


  He was unable to form new long-term memories but could form short-term memories.
• What was the focus of Abernathy’s study on context-dependent forgetting?


  To investigate how context affects memory recall.
• What were the conditions in Abernathy’s study?


  Students were tested in different conditions with their regular instructor or a different one, in their usual teaching room or a different one.
• What were the results of Abernathy’s study on context-dependent forgetting?


  Results were best when tested in their usual room by their usual instructor.
• What are the components of the Cognitive Interview?

  • Mental reinstatement of events
  • Report everything
  • Change the order
  • Change perspective
• What was the aim of Johnson and Scott’s study on the effects of anxiety on EWT?


  To investigate how anxiety affects the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
• What were the two scenarios in Johnson and Scott’s study?


  Participants saw a man with a grease-covered pen (low anxiety) or a knife covered in blood (high anxiety).
• What were the identification accuracy rates in Johnson and Scott’s study?

  Identification was 49% accurate in the low anxiety situation and 33% in the high anxiety scenario.
• What are the two types of declarative memory?


  • Semantic Memory
  • Episodic Memory
• What is the definition of procedural memory?


  Procedural memory is concerned with knowing how to do things, which become automatic through repetition.
• Who conducted research on the effects of misleading information on EWT?

  Loftus and Palmer conducted research on the effects of misleading information on EWT.
• What was the focus of Tulving and Pearlstone’s research related to retrieval failure?


  To investigate the effects of retrieval cues on memory recall.
• What were the results of Tulving and Pearlstone’s study on retrieval failure?

  Recall was 40% accurate without retrieval cues and 60% accurate with retrieval cues.