approaches

• What is the belief of empiricism in psychology?


  All knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
• How is empiricism characterized in psychology?


  By the use of the experimental scientific method.
• Compare and contrast the behavioural and biological approaches in psychology.


  • Behaviourists believe behaviour is learned through the environment.
  • Biological psychology theorizes behaviour is determined by genes, hormones, and neurochemistry.
  • Behaviourists favor nurture; biological psychologists favor nature.
  • Both are reductionist, focusing on either environment or biology.
  • Both have informed effective treatment methods (e.g., systematic desensitization and medications).
• What is a schema in psychology?

  A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.
• How do schemas develop over time?


  Schemas become increasingly complex as we gain more information.
• Which approaches are on the side of nature in the nature/nurture debate?

  Biological and psychodynamic approaches.
• What is introspection in psychology?


  A technique to gain knowledge about one's mental and emotional states.
• What is the role of reinforcement in behavior?


  It strengthens and increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• What are conditions of worth?


  Conditions imposed on behavior to earn positive regard from significant others.
• Which approaches take the side of nurture in the nature-nurture debate?

  Behaviourist, humanistic, social learning theory, and psychodynamic approaches.
• What is vicarious reinforcement?


  Learning through observing someone else being reinforced for a behavior.
• What does free will refer to in psychology?


  The ability to act at one's own discretion without external influences.
• What is determinism in psychology?


  The belief that behavior is determined by forces beyond an individual's control.
• List three types of determinism in psychology.

  • Biological determinism
  • Environmental determinism
  • Psychic determinism
• Compare approaches that are on opposite sides of the free-will/determinism debate.

  Free Will:

  • Humanistic

  
  

  Determinism:

  • Biological (Genetic determinism)
  • Social Learning
  • Psychodynamic (Psychic determinism)
  • Behaviourist (Environmental determinism)
• What is the difference between hard determinism and soft determinism?


  Soft determinism allows for free choices within constraints, while hard determinism states all behavior is determined.
• Describe classical conditioning in Pavlov’s study.


  • Pavlov paired a bell (neutral stimulus) with dog food (unconditioned stimulus).
  • The bell became a conditioned stimulus producing salivation (conditioned response).
  • Salivation occurred even without the food.
• What does congruence refer to in psychology?


  Similarity between a person's ideal self and their self-image.
• What is cognitive neuroscience?


  An area of psychology dedicated to the neural bases of cognitive functions.
• What is self-actualisation according to Rogers?


  Achievement of one’s true potential.
• How does Maslow define self-actualisation?


  As the ability to experience extreme euphoria and creativity, the final stage of his hierarchy of needs.
• List Freud’s psychosexual stages.


  • Oral (0-1 years)
  • Anal (1-3 years)
  • Phallic (3-5 years)
  • Latent (6-12 years)
  • Genital (12+ years)
• How does Freud separate the personality?


  Into the ego, id, and superego.
• What is the belief of empiricism in psychology?


  All knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
• How is empiricism characterized in psychology?


  By the use of the experimental scientific method.
• Compare and contrast the behavioural and biological approaches in psychology.


  • Behaviourists believe behaviour is learned through the environment.
  • Biological psychology theorizes behaviour is determined by genes, hormones, and neurochemistry.
  • Behaviourists favor nurture; biological psychologists favor nature.
  • Both are reductionist, focusing on either environment or biology.
  • Both have informed effective treatment methods (e.g., systematic desensitization and medications).
• What is a schema in psychology?

  A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.
• How do schemas develop over time?


  Schemas become increasingly complex as we gain more information.
• Which approaches are on the side of nature in the nature/nurture debate?

  Biological and psychodynamic approaches.
• What is meant by introspection in psychology?


  A technique to gain knowledge about one's mental and emotional states.
• What is the role of reinforcement in behavior?


  It strengthens and increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
• What are conditions of worth?


  Conditions imposed on behavior to earn positive regard from significant others.
• Which approaches take the side of nurture in the nature/nurture debate?

  Behaviourist, humanistic, social learning theory, and psychodynamic approaches.
• What is vicarious reinforcement?


  Learning through observing someone else being reinforced for a behavior.
• What does free will refer to in psychology?


  The ability to act at one's own discretion without external influences.
• What is determinism in psychology?


  The belief that behavior is determined by forces out of an individual's control.
• List three types of determinism in psychology.

  • Biological determinism
  • Environmental determinism
  • Psychic determinism
• Compare approaches that are on opposite sides of the free-will/determinism debate.

  Free Will:

  • Humanistic
  • Social Learning

  
  

  Determinism:

  • Biological (Genetic determinism)
  • Psychodynamic (Psychic determinism)
  • Behaviourist (Environmental determinism)
• What is the difference between hard determinism and soft determinism?


  Soft determinism allows for free choices within constraints, while hard determinism denies free will entirely.
• Describe classical conditioning in Pavlov’s study.


  • Pavlov paired a bell (neutral stimulus) with dog food (unconditioned stimulus).
  • The bell became a conditioned stimulus producing salivation (conditioned response).
  • Salivation occurred even in the absence of food.