Chapter 6: Europe in the Mongol Era

• Ottomans


  Turkish Muslim dynasty in the 13th century. Captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire
• Black Death


  The plague from China that killed 1/3 of the European population. Caused demand for workers to skyrocket and give workers more freedom/rights
• Magna Carta


  A document that limited the power of the reigning monarch. Began a system of checks and balances in European government
• Parliaments


  The privileged groups that have a say in what the ruler does. Feudal Principal that rulers should consult with their vassals.
• Hundred Years' War


  War between France and England from 1337-1453 over land. War was regarded as an important mission
• Thomas Aquinas


  A theologian that strived to collect all important knowledge into a summas. Expanded human reasoning in Europe.
• Scholasticism


  The main medieval philosophical approaches to use logic to solve theological problems. A lot of schools and universities used this method during this era.
• Gothic


  Architectural style developed during the Middle Ages identified by pointed arches and flying buttresses. Revival of old classical styles.
• Francesco Petrarch 


  A major literary figure and Italian author and humanist in the 14th century. He developed the classical material in Italy
• Renaissance


  The cultural and political movement that focuses on urban vitality and expanding commerce. Revived classical style and themes.
• Capitalism


  Private ownership of land and investment. Allowed people to profit more
• Guilds


  A group of people in the same craft that are sworn to the association. Allowed people to better regulate goods.
• The Ottoman empire gained power and took Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire. They were able to take advantage of the politically deteriorating empire and weak economy.
• The Mongols made the princes pay tribute and established their own capital. Some Russian nobles adpated their clothing style. Russia began trade with Central Asia through the Mongols.
• The nobles made the King sign the Magna Carta in 1215 and then Parliaments evolved from it to even out power in the government. Tension between the church and the people began. The people wanted to limit the kings power.
• Royal government rarely interfered with trade, so merchants had more power, but they still took less risks compared to other merchant groups. Guilds discouraged new methods of work and people were grouped in the same business to get more work. The Bubonic Plague caused a shortage of workers and protests spread for higher pay and no more serfdom.