psychology

• What is the context of Abu Ghraib mentioned in the study material?


  It relates to the discussion of conformity to social roles.
• What does Asch's research focus on according to the study material?


  It investigates conformity in group settings.
• What motivates individuals to comply with group pressure?


  The desire to get a positive reaction from others or to avoid disapproval or punishment.
• What is a social role?


  • A socially defined pattern of behavior
  • Expected behaviors for specific social positions or categories
• What did the replication study by Reicher and Haslam find?


  Participants acted more in line with their personalities than conforming to roles
• What ethical dilemma is presented when an authority figure gives an order to harm someone?


  It raises questions about obedience versus moral responsibility.
• What role did the real participant always receive in Milgram's experiment?


  Teacher
• How did participants perceive the electric shocks in Milgram's experiment?


  They believed they were real and potentially harmful.
• What is the opposite of the agentic state called?


  Autonomous state
• How does socialization contribute to the legitimacy of authority?


  It teaches individuals whom to respect and obey in society.
• What visual symbols can increase the legitimacy of authority?

  Uniforms
• What counter-dispositional explanation for obedience is suggested by Adorno?


  People with an authoritarian personality are more capable of extreme obedience.
• What does Adorno suggest about obedience in relation to personality types?


  Adorno suggests that people with an authoritarian personality are capable of extreme obedience.
• What was the main finding of Hofling's study involving nurses?


  21 out of 22 nurses complied with an order to give an excessive dose of medication.
• What did Bickman's field experiment reveal about uniforms and obedience?


  Bickman's study found that people were more likely to obey an authority figure in a guard uniform compared to other outfits.
• What was the outcome of the Sheridan and King study involving electric shocks to a puppy?


  54% of male participants and 100% of female participants delivered maximum shocks to the puppy.
• What does Adorno's theory suggest about the authoritarian personality?


  Adorno argues that an authoritarian personality is formed early in life due to harsh upbringing and leads to excessive respect for authority.
• How does the F-scale measure authoritarian personality traits?


  The F-scale includes 30 questions assessing traits like authoritarian submission and power and toughness.
• What does a high score on the F-scale indicate?


  A high score indicates fixed stereotypes and a strong identification with authority figures.
• What are the factors measured by the F-scale?


  • Authoritarian submission: uncritical attitude towards authority
  • Power and toughness: preoccupation with dominance and submission
• How does Adorno's theory explain individual variations in obedience?


  Adorno's theory suggests that willingness to obey varies from person to person based on their dispositional traits.
• What is a limitation of research linking abusive childhoods to authoritarian personality development?


  The link can only be studied using correlation, not randomized trials.
• What are criticisms of using the authoritarian personality to explain obedience?


  • Acquiescence bias in F-scale responses
  • Potential bias against right-wing political views
  • Oversimplification of complex historical events
• How do societal norms and peer pressure relate to obedience?


  Societal norms and peer pressure can lead individuals with non-authoritarian personalities to participate in social obedience.
• what is conformity?


  A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
• What are behavioural categories in research?


  Components of a target behaviour that are observable and measurable.
• How is event sampling conducted in research?


  A target behaviour is established and recorded every time it occurs.
• If a researcher wants to observe a specific behaviour repeatedly, which method should they use?


  Event sampling
• What is time sampling in research?


  Recording behaviour of a target individual or group in a fixed time frame.
• If a researcher decides to observe a group every 60 seconds, which sampling method are they using?


  Time sampling
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of event sampling and time sampling in research?


  Strengths of event sampling:

  • Captures specific behaviours accurately
  • Useful for infrequent behaviours

  
  

  Weaknesses of event sampling:

  • May miss context of behaviour
  • Can be time-consuming

  
  

  Strengths of time sampling:

  • Provides a structured approach
  • Easier to manage in large groups

  
  

  Weaknesses of time sampling:

  • May overlook important behaviours
  • Behaviour may change between intervals