Proteins

• What are proteins made up of?


  Amino acids
• What are the monomers that proteins contain?


  Amino acids
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?


  A central carbon with four different groups
• What are the four groups attached to the central carbon of an amino acid?


  Amino group, carboxyl group, R group, and hydrogen
• What does the R group in an amino acid represent?


  The variable group that can differ among amino acids
• What type of reaction occurs when two amino acids join to form a dipeptide?


  A condensation reaction
• What is the bond formed between two amino acids called?

  A peptide bond
• What is the significance of the sequence of amino acids in a protein?


  It determines the protein's unique structure and function
• What are the four levels of protein structure?

  • Primary structure
  • Secondary structure
  • Tertiary structure
  • Quaternary structure
• What defines the primary structure of a protein?


  The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• What is the secondary structure of a protein characterized by?


  Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
• What type of bonds hold the secondary structure of proteins together?


  Hydrogen bonds
• How do hydrogen bonds form in the secondary structure of proteins?


  Between the oxygen of the carboxyl group and the hydrogen of the amino group
• What is the tertiary structure of a protein?


  The unique 3D shape formed by further folding of the polypeptide chain
• What types of bonds are involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of proteins?


  Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds
• What is a quaternary structure in proteins?


  A structure formed from more than one polypeptide chain
• What is an example of a protein with a quaternary structure?

  Hemoglobin
• What does denaturation of a protein mean?

  The breaking of bonds that maintain its 3D shape
• What conditions can lead to the denaturation of proteins?


  High temperature or extreme pH levels
• Why is the sequence of amino acids crucial for protein function?


  It determines the location of bonds that shape the protein
• What can cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein?

  Mutations in the DNA
• What is the relationship between protein structure and function?


  • The structure determines the function of the protein
  • Changes in structure can lead to changes in function
  • Specific bonding patterns influence the 3D shape
• What should you refer to when answering questions about protein structure?


  • The bonds involved
  • The different levels of structure
  • The location of those bonds