biological molecules

• What 2 molecules form carbohydrates?

  Carbon (C) and water (H20)
• What are the individual molecules that make up carbohydrate chains known as?

  monomers
• name two examples of monomers

  monosaccharides and amino acids
• when two monomers join together they form a what?

  polymer
• what is a single monomer referred to as ?

  monosaccharide
• when two monosaccharides combine what do they form?


  disaccharide
• what is the name for 3 or more monosaccharides joined together?

  polysaccharides
• give 3 examples of monosaccharides


  glucose, fructose, galactose
• the bond between two monosaccharides is known as what type of bond?

  glycosidic bond
• when two monosaccharides join together a molecule of water is removed this is known as what type of reaction?


  condensation
• when water is added to a disaccharide, the disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides this is known as what the of reaction?


  hydrolysis
• are polysaccharides insoluble or soluble ?

  insoluble
• what does polysaccharides being insoluble make them suitable for?

  storage
• name 3 types of polysaccharide?

  starch, glycogen, cellulose
• where can starch be found?

  parts of a plant
• what type of chains are starch made up of?

  alpha glucose monosaccharides
• because starch is insoluble its doesn't affect...?


  water potential
• how can starch be stored in small spaces

  it is compact and can be found in the form of small grains
• how does many branches effect its function?

  enzymes can act simultaneously meaning that glucose monomers are released rapidly
• where is glycogen found ?

  animals and bacteria but not in plants
• does glycogen have shorter or longer chains than starch?

  shorter
• where in animals is the smalls granules of glycogen stored ?

  liver and muscles
• how does glycogens solubility affect diffusion?

  glycogen is insoluble so doesn't diffuse in and out of cells
• how is being more heavily branched than starch aid glycogens function in animals?

  it has more branches to be acted on simultaneously by enzymes which means it can be rapidly broken down to form glucose monomers which are useful in respiration
• how is glycogen specialised to animals compared to starch?

  glycogen has more branches which aid with respiration, animals respire more than plants
• how is cellulose different from starch and glycogen?

  cellulose is made from beta glucose rather than alpha glucose
• what makes a cellulose structure so strong?

  cellulose has straight unbranched chains that run parallel to each other, allowing hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent chains.
• what can cellulose molecules group together to form?

  microfibrils
• when microfibrils are arranged in parallel groups they form groups called?


  fibres
• what structure in a cell is cellulose a huge component of?

  cell wall
• how does the cellulose cell wall prevent the cell wall from bursting as water enters?

  it exerts an inwards pressure which stops any further influx of water
• what atoms do lipids contain?

  carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)
• give two examples of where lipids can be found

  fats and oils
• can lipids be soluble in organic substances ?

  yes
• what organic substances are lipids soluble in?

  alcohol's and acetone
• are lipids soluble in water?

  no
• what is the test for lipids known as ?

  the emulsion test
• if there is lipids present when doing the emulsion test what will you see as a positive result?


  a milky white emulsion
• what are the two main groups of lipids ?


  triglycerides and phospholipids
• name 3 roles of lipids ...

  cell membranes, source of energy, insulation