Observations

• Naturalistic 


  Behaviour studied in natural way where everything has been left normally

  • carried in environments participants normally occupy.
  • high mundane realism and ecological validity
• Controlled observations 


  Variables controlled by researcher reducing natural ness

  • conducted in lab with standardise script
  • Reduce extraneous variables
• Covert 


  People don’t know they are being observed however danger of going native

  eg one way mirrors
• Overt


  People r being told they are being observed

  however limitation of demand characteristics
• Participant vs non participants 


  Participant is involved in study , non participants not
• Interrater reliability 


  Two or more rearchers observing snd agree 80% of time
• Sampling behaviour 


  Create behaviour categories but must be operationalside
• Sampling procedures 


  • when continuous sampling observer must write down every behaviour in detail but if too much data you use systematic sampling :
  • event sampling Counting the number of times a certain behaviour (event) occurs in a target individual or individuals.
  • time sampling Recording behaviours in a given time frok the observer ticks box in frequency