rm- sampling methods

• What is an independent variable in a study?

  An event that is directly manipulated by the experimenter.
• What is a dependent variable in a study?

  The variable that is measured in the study.
• What does it mean to operationalize variables in research?

  To make variables obvious and measurable.
• What is a hypothesis in research?

  A testable prediction about the variables in a study.
• What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

  A directional hypothesis specifies the direction of the predicted difference, while a non-directional hypothesis does not.
• What is a null hypothesis?

  A hypothesis that states there is no difference between results.
• What is the significance of previous research in forming a hypothesis?

  If previous research is directional, the new hypothesis will also likely be directional.
• What is a longitudinal study research?

  It allows for tracking processes over the first year and take over a long period of time
• What is the definition of reliability in research?


  Consistency of results across different trials or studies.
• What does validity refer to in research?

  The accuracy of the results and whether they measure what they intend to measure.
• What is internal validity?

  The extent to which the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
• What is external validity?

  The ability to generalize findings to other people and settings outside the experiment.
• What is ecological validity?

  The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings.
• What is temporal validity?

  The applicability of results to different points in time.
• What is population validity?

  The extent to which findings can be generalized to the larger population.
• How does a lab experiment affect ecological validity?

  Lab experiments typically have low ecological validity due to artificial settings.
• Why is temporal validity important in research?

  It assesses whether the results are applicable to different time periods.
• Confounding variable 


  Any variable other than the IV that has effected the results (DV) - hulk has smashed up the classroom
• What are the two types of extraneous variables

  Participant or situational
• What can be done to prevent investigator effects 


  Standardised instruction

  Standardised procedures and double blind trials
• what are standardised instructions and procedures 


  They are things that are the same for all participants to ensure that all participants are treated the same .
• what are investigator effects

  Any effect of the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious ) that influence the outcome of the the results (DV)
• What are demand characteristics

  When the participants change their natural behaviour to be in line with their interpretation of the aim of the study.
• what is the screw u effect

  it is part of demand characteristics in which the participants purposefully try and skew the results
• what are the three types of experimental designs

  Repeated Measures, Independent Groups, Matched pairs
• What is the definition of Repeated Measures in experimental designs?

  Every person does every condition.
• How many participants are needed in a Repeated Measures design if 100 results are required?

  Only 50 participants are needed.
• What is a key advantage of Repeated Measures designs regarding participant variables?

  There are no participant variables since each participant serves as their own control.
• What are Order Effects in experimental designs?

  Order Effects refer to the influence of the sequence in which conditions are presented, such as boredom or fatigue.
• What are Demand Characteristics in an experiment?


  Demand Characteristics occur when participants guess the aim of the study, potentially influencing their behavior.
• What is Counterbalancing in experimental designs?

  Counterbalancing is a method used to control order effects by having half the participants experience conditions in one order and the other half in the reverse order.
• What is the purpose of Counterbalancing?


  To ensure that any order effects affect both conditions equally.
• What is a key feature of Independent Groups designs?

  There are no demand characteristics.
• What is a disadvantage of Independent Groups designs?

  More participants are needed than in Repeated Measures designs.
• What is the target population in research?


  Every member of a group that the investigator plans to study
• What does generalisation mean in the context of sampling?


  A sample taken and the results are assumed to apply to all members of the target population
• What is a requirement for a sample to be generalisible

  A representative sample is needed
• How does random sampling work?


  Everyone in the target population has the same probability of being picked for the sample
• What is a potential drawback of random sampling?


  It can be time-consuming with a large population size
• What is systematic sampling?


  Choosing every 5th or nth number to form the sample