Revision topic test miss carne 1

• How are organelles within a cell interrelated?


  They work together to perform various functions within the cell
• What does the nucleus contain that is crucial for protein coding?


  Chromosomes that encode DNA
• What is the role of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?


  They allow mRNA molecules to leave the nucleus
• What is transcribed from DNA located at the nucleolus?


  rRNA
• Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?


  On ribosomes
• What is produced during protein synthesis on ribosomes?


  Proteins in their primary structure
• What happens to polypeptides made on ribosomes?


  They are moved through the RER and packaged into vesicles
• What is the function of the Golgi body in relation to proteins?


  It chemically modifies and folds proteins
• What types of vesicles does the Golgi body produce?


  Lysosomes and secretory vesicles
• What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?


  They contain digestive enzymes used within the cell
• What is the function of secretory vesicles?


  They carry proteins to the cell membrane for exocytosis
• What do phospholipids and triglycerides do in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?


  They move to various destinations in the cell
• What are the processes of exocytosis and endocytosis?


  • Exocytosis: Secretion of substances from cells, adding new membrane.
  • Endocytosis: Intake of substances by surrounding them and forming vesicles, removing membrane.
• How do the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and plasma membrane work together?


  • Nucleus codes for synthesis of molecules (e.g., proteins).
  • Endoplasmic reticulum transports molecules to Golgi body.
  • Golgi body processes and packages molecules (e.g., enzymes).
  • Plasma membrane facilitates secretion and intake of substances.
• What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?


  They provide ATP needed for energy in making new substances and membranes
• What is the function of lysosomes in relation to phagocytic vesicles?


  Lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles to digest food particles
• What happens to food particles during endocytosis?


  They are taken in by the cell and enclosed in phagocytic vesicles
• What is the role of the nucleus in protein synthesis?


  The nucleus transcribes the genetic code from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)
• What is produced in the nucleolus?


  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal subunits
• How does mRNA exit the nucleus?


  mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores
• What happens to mRNA in the cytoplasm?


  Ribosomes translate the mRNA code into polypeptides
• What bonds are formed to create polypeptides?


  Amino acids are bonded together by peptide bonds
• What occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?


  A vesicle pinches off the RER and transports the polypeptide to the Golgi body
• What is the function of the Golgi body in protein synthesis?


  The Golgi body processes and packages proteins into secretory vesicles
• What is the overall process of protein synthesis from the nucleus to the plasma membrane?


  1. DNA transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus
  2. mRNA exits through nuclear pores
  3. Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptides
  4. RER transports polypeptides in vesicles
  5. Golgi body processes and packages proteins
  6. Secretory vesicles transport proteins to plasma membrane
• What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?


  Ribosomes translate the code in mRNA into polypeptide chains
• What is the role of secretory vesicles in protein synthesis?


  Secretory vesicles transport proteins to the plasma membrane for secretion
• What is the primary function of the digestive system?


  Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and energy use
• What are the key organs of the digestive system?


  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
• What is the process of digestion?


  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical and chemical breakdown
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
• What is the primary function of the circulatory system?


  Transports substances around the body
• What are the key components of the circulatory system?


  • Heart
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Blood
• What is the process of circulation?


  1. Heart pumps blood
  2. Arteries carry oxygenated blood to tissues
  3. Capillaries allow exchange
  4. Veins return deoxygenated blood to heart
• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?


  Facilitates gas exchange between air and blood
• What are the key organs of the respiratory system?


  • Nose
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs (with alveoli)
• What is the process of respiration?


  1. Inhalation brings air into lungs
  2. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
  3. Exhalation removes waste gases