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Biochemistry
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Cards (119)
What are biological molecules made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (all) and proeins have
Nitrogen and nucleic acids have sulfur and phosphorus
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What are
monomers
?
Smaller units from which
larger
molecules are made
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What are
polymers
?
Molecules made from a large number of
monomers
joined together
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What is a
condensation
reaction?
It
joins
two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and eliminates a molecule of water
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What is a
hydrolysis reaction
?
It
breaks
a
chemical bond
between two molecules and involves the use of a
water molecule
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What are
monosaccharides
?
Monomers
from which larger
carbohydrates
are made
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Name three common
monosaccharides
.
Glucose
,
galactose
, and
fructose
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What forms a
glycosidic bond
?
A
condensation reaction
between two
monosaccharides
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What is a
disaccharide
?
A molecule formed from the
condensation
of two
monosaccharides
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What
disaccharide
is formed from
glucose
and glucose?
Maltose
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What
disaccharide
is formed from
glucose
and
fructose
?
Sucrose
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What
disaccharide
is formed from
glucose
and
galactose
?
Lactose
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What are the
isomers
of
glucose
?
Alpha glucose
and
beta glucose
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What are
polysaccharides
?
Molecules formed by the
condensation
of many
glucose
units
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What
polysaccharides
are formed from
alpha glucose
?
Glycogen
and
starch
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What
polysaccharide
is formed from
beta glucose
?
Cellulose
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What is
glycogen
?
Main
energy storage molecule in animals
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How is
glycogen
formed?
From many molecules of
alpha glucose
joined together by
1,4
and
1,6 glycosidic bonds
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Why does
glycogen
have many side branches?
To allow quick energy release as
enzymes
can act simultaneously on these branches
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What are the properties of
glycogen
?
Large, compact, insoluble, and does not affect
water potential
of cells
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What is starch?
It stores energy in plants
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What are the two
polysaccharides
that make up starch?
Amylose
and
amylopectin
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What is
amylose
?
An unbranched chain of
glucose
molecules joined by 1,4
glycosidic bonds
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What is
amylopectin
?
A branched
polysaccharide
made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6
glycosidic
bonds
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What are the key properties of
starch
?
Insoluble, compact, and easily
hydrolysed
to release
alpha glucose
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What is
cellulose
?
Component
of the cell wall in plants
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What is
cellulose
composed of?
Long, unbranched chains of
beta glucose
joined by
glycosidic bonds
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What are
microfibrils
?
Strong threads made of long
cellulose
chains that run parallel and are joined by
hydrogen bonds
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Why are
microfibrils
important?
They stop the cell wall from bursting under
osmotic
pressure
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What is the function of
cellulose
in plant cells?
It exerts inward pressure that stops the
influx
of water, keeping cells turgid and rigid
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What is the
Benedict’s test
used for?
To test for the presence of
reducing sugars
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What are
reducing sugars
?
All
monosaccharides
and some disaccharides that can donate an electron to
Benedict’s reagent
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What happens when a
reducing sugar
is added to
Benedict’s reagent
and heated?
It forms a red precipitate (
copper (I) oxide
)
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What is the procedure for the
Benedict’s
test
?
Add food sample, add Benedict’s, heat
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What does a color change from blue to brick red indicate in the
Benedict’s test
?
A
reducing sugar
is present
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What is the procedure for testing non-reducing sugars with
Benedict’s
test?
Add dilute
HCl
, heat, neutralize with
sodium hydrogen carbonate
, then retest with Benedict’s
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What does a color change from blue to
brick red
indicate after testing for
non-reducing sugars
?
A non-reducing sugar was present in the original sample
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What is the
iodine/potassium iodide test
used for?
To test for
starch
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What color change indicates the presence of
starch
in the
iodine test
?
From orange-brown to blue/black
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What are
lipids
?
Biological molecules made of
carbon
,
hydrogen
, and
oxygen
, soluble only in organic solvents
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See all 119 cards
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