Biochemistry

    Cards (119)

    • What are biological molecules made of?
      Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (all) and proeins have
      Nitrogen and nucleic acids have sulfur and phosphorus
    • What are monomers?

      Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
    • What are polymers?

      Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together
    • What is a condensation reaction?

      It joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and eliminates a molecule of water
    • What is a hydrolysis reaction?

      It breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
    • What are monosaccharides?

      Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
    • Name three common monosaccharides.

      Glucose, galactose, and fructose
    • What forms a glycosidic bond?

      A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
    • What is a disaccharide?

      A molecule formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides
    • What disaccharide is formed from glucose and glucose?

      Maltose
    • What disaccharide is formed from glucose and fructose?

      Sucrose
    • What disaccharide is formed from glucose and galactose?

      Lactose
    • What are the isomers of glucose?

      Alpha glucose and beta glucose
    • What are polysaccharides?

      Molecules formed by the condensation of many glucose units
    • What polysaccharides are formed from alpha glucose?

      Glycogen and starch
    • What polysaccharide is formed from beta glucose?

      Cellulose
    • What is glycogen?

      Main energy storage molecule in animals
    • How is glycogen formed?

      From many molecules of alpha glucose joined together by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
    • Why does glycogen have many side branches?

      To allow quick energy release as enzymes can act simultaneously on these branches
    • What are the properties of glycogen?

      Large, compact, insoluble, and does not affect water potential of cells
    • What is starch?
      It stores energy in plants
    • What are the two polysaccharides that make up starch?

      Amylose and amylopectin
    • What is amylose?

      An unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
    • What is amylopectin?

      A branched polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
    • What are the key properties of starch?

      Insoluble, compact, and easily hydrolysed to release alpha glucose
    • What is cellulose?

      Component of the cell wall in plants
    • What is cellulose composed of?

      Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose joined by glycosidic bonds
    • What are microfibrils?

      Strong threads made of long cellulose chains that run parallel and are joined by hydrogen bonds
    • Why are microfibrils important?

      They stop the cell wall from bursting under osmotic pressure
    • What is the function of cellulose in plant cells?

      It exerts inward pressure that stops the influx of water, keeping cells turgid and rigid
    • What is the Benedict’s test used for?

      To test for the presence of reducing sugars
    • What are reducing sugars?

      All monosaccharides and some disaccharides that can donate an electron to Benedict’s reagent
    • What happens when a reducing sugar is added to Benedict’s reagent and heated?

      It forms a red precipitate (copper (I) oxide)
    • What is the procedure for the Benedict’s test?

      Add food sample, add Benedict’s, heat
    • What does a color change from blue to brick red indicate in the Benedict’s test?

      A reducing sugar is present
    • What is the procedure for testing non-reducing sugars with Benedict’s test?

      Add dilute HCl, heat, neutralize with sodium hydrogen carbonate, then retest with Benedict’s
    • What does a color change from blue to brick red indicate after testing for non-reducing sugars?

      A non-reducing sugar was present in the original sample
    • What is the iodine/potassium iodide test used for?

      To test for starch
    • What color change indicates the presence of starch in the iodine test?

      From orange-brown to blue/black
    • What are lipids?

      Biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, soluble only in organic solvents
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