Memory

• What is the theoretical model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?


  The multistore model of memory
• What are the three stores in the multistore model of memory?


  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What is the duration of the sensory register?


  Approximately 250 milliseconds
• How does information pass from the sensory register to short-term memory?


  Through attention
• What is the coding method for short-term memory?


  Acoustic coding
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?


  Seven plus or minus two items
• What happens to information in short-term memory when new information enters?


  It is lost by displacement
• What is the duration of short-term memory?


  Approximately 18 seconds
• How is long-term memory coded?


  Semantically
• What is the duration of long-term memory?


  Very long, potentially limitless
• What did Glaser and Kunitz find regarding word recall?


  Words at the start and end of lists are recalled more easily
• What does the primacy and recency effect suggest about memory?


  First words are in long-term memory and last words are in short-term memory
• What did Sperling find about the sensory register's capacity?


  All rows of a 12-item grid were stored, but not all could be recalled
• What is the average recall for letters and numbers according to Jacobs?


  Seven items for letters and nine for numbers
• What is chunking in relation to short-term memory?


  Grouping items to improve recall
• What did Peterson and Peterson find about short-term memory duration?


  Recall was less than 10% after 18 seconds
• What does Wagner's diary study suggest about long-term memory capacity?


  Long-term memory has a very large capacity, potentially limitless
• What was the recall percentage for school friends' names after 15 years according to Barck?


  90%
• What is the main criticism of cognitive tests of memory like the MSM?


  They are often highly artificial with low mundane realism
• What are the three types of long-term memory?


  • Declarative (explicit)
  • Non-declarative (implicit)
  • Procedural
• What characterizes episodic memory?


  It is timestamped and autobiographical
• How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory?


  Semantic memory contains facts and meanings, not timestamped
• What is procedural memory?


  Unconscious memories of skills, not recalled consciously
• What did Kadeem's study suggest about episodic and semantic memory?


  They use different brain regions
• What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about memory types?


  He has retrograde amnesia for episodic memory but retains semantic memory
• What is the main issue with generalizing findings from idiographic case studies?


  Unique issues may affect individual behavior
• What are the limitations of the working memory model?


  • Cannot directly observe memory processes
  • Central executive function is not fully explained
  • Tasks lack mundane realism
• What is interference theory in relation to forgetting?


  Forgetting occurs due to confusion from other information
• What is proactive interference?


  Old information disrupts the recall of new information
• What is retroactive interference?


  New information disrupts the recall of old information
• How does similarity affect interference?


  Interference is more likely when the information is similar
• What is cue-dependent forgetting?


  Forgetting occurs due to the absence of appropriate retrieval cues
• What is the encoding specificity principle?


  Memory is improved when cues present at encoding are also present at retrieval
• How do state-dependent cues affect memory?


  Emotions and internal states serve as cues for memory retrieval
• What are the factors affecting memory retrieval?

  • Interference
  • Cue-dependent forgetting
  • Encoding specificity principle
  • State-dependent cues
• What is retroactive interference?


  New information disrupts the recall of old information.
• How does proactive interference work?


  Old information interferes with the recall of new information.
• When is interference more likely to occur?


  When the two pieces of information are similar.
• What does time sensitivity in interference refer to?


  Interference is less likely when there is a large gap between learning.
• What is Q-dependent forgetting?


  Forgetting occurs due to the absence of appropriate cues.