Attachment

• What is the age range for the asocial stage of attachment identified by Schaffer?


  0 to 6 weeks
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer?


  1. Asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months)
  3. Specific attachment (7-9 months)
  4. Multiple attachment (9-10 months and beyond)
• What is reciprocity in the context of infant-caregiver interactions?


  It is a mutual turn-taking form of interaction between caregiver and infant
• What does interactional synchrony refer to?


  It is a simultaneous interaction where the infant and caregiver act rhythmically
• What did Meto and Mo's experiment demonstrate about infants?


  Infants can observe and reciprocate through imitation
• What did Cond and Sander (1974) find in their study of neonates?


  They found evidence of interactional synchrony and coordination in neonates' responses
• Why is inter-rater reliability important in studies of infant-caregiver interactions?


  It ensures that multiple observers agree on the findings, enhancing validity
• What is a limitation of caregiver-infant interaction research mentioned in the study material?


  Findings depend on inferences about the infant's internal mental states
• What is the first stage of attachment according to Schaffer?


  Asocial stage
• What is the significance of the critical period in Lorenz's research on imprinting?


  It is the time frame in which goslings must see a moving object to imprint
• What did Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys demonstrate?


  Infant monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth mother over a wire mother that provided food
• What is the main conclusion of Harlow's research regarding attachment?


  Contact comfort is a crucial factor in forming attachments
• How does Bowlby's monotropy theory explain the attachment process?


  It suggests infants have an innate drive to form a strong attachment to one primary caregiver
• What is the internal working model according to Bowlby?


  It is a blueprint for future relationships formed from the monotropic attachment
• What did Ainsworth identify as indicators of attachment strength?


  Proximity to the mother, exploration, safe base behavior, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, reunion response
• What are the three types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?


  1. Secure attachment
  2. Insecure-avoidant attachment
  3. Insecure-resistant attachment
• What is a potential issue with generalizing animal behavior to human psychology?


  Humans and animals have very different biology and social experiences
• What is the economic implication of research on attachment mentioned in the study material?


  It could lead to legislation ensuring equal paternity and maternity leave
• What is the critical period for imprinting in Lorenz's research?


  Approximately 32 hours
• What does the learning theory of attachment propose?


  Infants become attached to caregivers because they learn that caregivers provide food
• How does Harlow's research challenge the learning theory of attachment?


  It shows that infants can form attachments based on comfort rather than just food
• What is the main criticism of Bowlby's attachment theory?


  It is deterministic and suggests that early attachment shapes all future relationships
• What is the role of the father according to Bowlby?


  To provide resources for the family
• What is the significance of the sensitive period in attachment research?


  It suggests that suitable care can lead to recovery from early attachment issues
• How does Ainsworth's Strange Situation assess attachment types?


  By observing behaviors such as proximity, exploration, and responses to separation and reunion
• What is the main focus of Ainsworth's research on attachment?


  To categorize infants into attachment types
• What behaviors indicate insecure-avoidant attachment in infants?


  Infants explore freely and do not use their mother as a secure base
• How does Ainsworth's research contribute to our understanding of attachment?


  It provides a framework for identifying different attachment styles and their implications
• What is the significance of the reunion response in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?


  It indicates the strength of the attachment between the infant and caregiver
• What does sensitive responsiveness refer to in caregiver-infant interactions?


  It is when the caregiver correctly interprets and responds to the infant's communication
• How does the concept of social releases relate to Bowlby's attachment theory?


  Social releases are signals used by infants to attract caregiver attention, crucial for forming attachments
• What is the main conclusion of Schaffer and Emerson's study on attachment?


  Separation anxiety occurs in most babies by 25 to 32 weeks
• What does the term 'multiple attachment' refer to in Schaffer’s stages of attachment?


  It refers to the formation of attachments with other caregivers beyond the primary caregiver
• How does the study of attachment in infants contribute to our understanding of human development?


  It highlights the importance of early relationships in shaping emotional and social development
• What is the role of the primary caregiver in attachment according to Bowlby?


  To provide a safe base for the infant to explore their environment
• What is the impact of maternal deprivation according to Harlow's research?


  It can lead to permanent social disorders in monkeys
• How does Bowlby's theory of attachment reflect the societal views of the 1940s?


  It emphasizes the mother's role as crucial, reflecting traditional gender roles of that time
• What is the main focus of Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?


  To assess the attachment type of infants
• What behaviors indicate secure attachment in infants?


  Infants use their mother as a secure base and show distress during separation
• How does Ainsworth's research inform parenting practices?


  It highlights the importance of sensitive responsiveness in fostering secure attachments