Relationships

• What is the purpose of the relationships revision video mentioned in the study material?


  To summarize key points from relationship videos for quick reminders
• What is the function of the psych boost app mentioned in the study material?


  It tests knowledge of A-level psychology topics using flashcards
• What is the main driver of human reproductive behavior according to the evolutionary explanation?


  The need to survive and reproduce
• What is intersexual selection?


  It is when one sex, typically females, chooses mates based on specific traits
• Why are females typically more selective in mate choice?


  Because they invest more time, energy, and resources in offspring
• What is intrasexual selection?


  It is when members of the same sex compete for access to the opposite sex
• What traits do females typically look for in males according to the evolutionary explanation?


  Qualities that help raise a child, such as resources and physical characteristics linked to dominance
• What traits do males typically look for in females according to the evolutionary explanation?


  Traits indicating fertility, such as large breasts and a 0.7 hip to waist ratio
• What did Dunbar and Wayf's 1995 study on dating ads reveal about male and female preferences?


  42% of males sought youth in mates compared to 25% of females
• What was the outcome of Clark and Hatfield's 1989 study regarding sexual propositions?


  0% of females agreed to sex compared to 75% of males
• What did Cunningham's 1986 research find regarding male attraction?


  Men were most attracted to youthful faces with large eyes and small noses
• What cross-cultural preference did Singh's 1993 research reveal?


  A preference for a 0.7 hip to waist ratio
• What is a criticism of the evolutionary explanation for partner preferences?


  It may legitimize a gender double standard and exaggerate sexual differences
• What is self-disclosure in the context of romantic relationships?


  Sharing personal information that suggests trust between individuals
• What does Social Penetration Theory suggest about relationship development?


  Interpersonal communication deepens from shallow to more intimate topics
• What is the role of reciprocity in self-disclosure?


  Relationships develop when both individuals actively disclose and respond
• How does appropriateness affect self-disclosure?


  Revealing too much too soon can lower attraction
• What did Sper and Hendrik observe about self-disclosure in couples?


  Men and women had similar levels of self-disclosure, correlating with relationship quality
• What is a limitation of much research on self-disclosure?


  Much of the research is correlational, not causal
• What does the halo effect suggest about physically attractive individuals?


  They are assumed to be successful in other areas of life
• What is the matching hypothesis in romantic relationships?


  Individuals seek partners with a similar level of attractiveness to avoid rejection
• What did Merin's 1972 study reveal about couples' attractiveness levels?


  Couples were more likely to have similar attractiveness levels than random pairs
• How has online dating influenced the matching hypothesis?


  It relies heavily on visual cues for partner selection
• What is filter theory in romantic relationships?


  It suggests attraction is based on a series of filters that narrow down potential partners
• What is the first filter in filter theory?


  Social demography, which includes proximity and shared characteristics
• What is the second filter in filter theory?


  Similarity in attitudes, which encourages self-disclosure
• What is the third filter in filter theory?


  Complementarity, where partners fulfill each other's emotional needs
• What did Kirkoff and Davies' 1962 study find about short-term and long-term relationships?


  Similarity of attitudes was important for short-term relationships, while complementarity was key for long-term relationships
• What is a limitation of filter theory?


  It lacks temporal validity due to changing attitudes and globalization
• What does social exchange theory compare relationships to?


  It compares relationships to a business performing a cost-benefit analysis
• What are the rewards in social exchange theory?


  Rewards include self-esteem, entertainment, financial security, friendship, and sex
• What are the costs in social exchange theory?


  Costs include time, emotional instability, stress, loss of money, and opportunity cost
• What is the comparison level in social exchange theory?


  It is the standard used to evaluate the rewards of a relationship based on past experiences
• What is the comparison of alternatives in social exchange theory?


  It involves evaluating other potential partners for higher rewards
• What does equity in social exchange theory refer to?


  It refers to the balance of rewards and costs being the same for both partners
• What is investment theory in social exchange theory?


  It considers how much has been invested in a relationship, not just current satisfaction
• What are intrinsic investments in a relationship?


  Resources placed directly into the relationship, like emotional work and time
• What are extrinsic investments in a relationship?


  Resources originally outside of the relationship that are now connected to it, like shared friends
• What did Rosor's 1983 study reveal about cost-benefit analysis in relationships?


  It applied less at the start of a relationship as it developed
• What did Spee's 2001 study find regarding alternative partners and relationship satisfaction?


  As alternatives increased, satisfaction and commitment decreased