Approaches in Psychology

• What is the significance of Wilhelm Wundt in psychology?


  He is considered the father of experimental psychology
• Where did Wundt set up the world's first psychological laboratory?


  Leipzig, Germany
• What was the main focus of Wundt's research?


  The study of the mind and behavior using controlled empirical techniques
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his structuralism research?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?


  To report conscious experiences objectively
• How did Wundt's work influence subsequent scientific psychologists?


  His systematic approach inspired later scientific methods in psychology
• What criticism is directed at Wundt's introspective methods?


  They are considered subjective and unreliable
• What do behaviorists argue about the study of behavior?


  It can only be scientifically investigated if it is directly observable
• What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?


  Learning by association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• What were the two types of stimuli used in Pavlov's research?


  A neutral stimulus (metronome) and an unconditioned stimulus (food)
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about dogs?


  They learned an association between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
• What is operant conditioning according to Skinner?


  Learning by reinforcement or punishment
• What did Skinner's research involve?


  Rats in a controlled environment with levers and a food dispenser
• How do Pavlov and Skinner's approaches differ in terms of learning?

  Pavlov focused on associations, while Skinner focused on consequences of behavior
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's research methods?

  Findings may not be generalizable to human behavior
• What is the main principle of social learning theory?


  Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others
• What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?


  Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Albert Bandura
• What did Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrate?


  Children exposed to an aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive themselves
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?


  SLT includes cognitive processes between stimuli and responses
• What is a criticism of social learning theory?


  It relies on inferred processes that are not directly observable
• What do cognitive psychologists study?


  Internal mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?


  A mental framework built from previous experiences
• How can schemas lead to inaccuracies in memory?


  They can bias perceptions and lead to distorted recollections
• What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?

  An analogy comparing the brain's processes to a computer's operations
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to study?


  The neurological structures and processes linked to mental processes
• Why is the cognitive approach considered scientific?


  It uses highly controlled experiments to study mental processes
• What is a criticism of the cognitive approach regarding its assumptions?


  Inferences about mental processes can be mistaken
• What is the simple definition of psychology?


  It is the scientific study of the brain and behavior.
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior?

  They enable communication between neurons and influence various behaviors
• Why is psychology considered one of the youngest fields of science?


  Because it started around 150 years ago.
• Who is considered the first person to study behavior using scientific techniques?

  Wilhelm Wundt.
• What was the significance of Wundt's work in psychology?

  It helped define what it means to study the brain and behavior scientifically.
• What is the function of the adrenal gland?


  It releases adrenaline as part of the fight or flight response
• What is the timeline of psychology's development?

  • Start of psychology as a science with Wundt
  • Introduction of psychodynamics by Freud
  • Emergence of behaviorism
  • Development of cognitive psychology
  • Advances in biological psychology
• How do genes influence behavior?


  They determine the characteristics of an organism and influence brain function
• What features does the Psych Boost app offer?


  Flashcards and multiple choice quizzes.
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?


  Genotype is the genetic code, while phenotype is the expression of that code
• Why is it important to learn complex terminology in psychology?


  It helps in effectively using terms in writing and understanding concepts.
• What do evolutionary psychologists argue about inherited behaviors?


  They provide survival advantages and become more common in future generations