External

• What is high culture?


  The intellectual pursuits
• Can you list two examples of high culture?


  Art and literature
• Children from working-class backgrounds are less likely to?

  • Less likely to attend nursery 
  • Less likely to go to university
• What are two examples of cultural deprivation?

  • Working-class families are less likely to visit museums with their children
  • Working-class families are less likely to read with their children
• What is cultural capital?

  The values, language, knowledge, behaviours and attitudes that the middle and upper classes possess, this helps them do better at school since It is developed and rewarded.
• What did Douglas' early study find?


  Working-class parents put less emphasis on education and as a result, their children lacked motivation. These parents also failed to discuss their child's educational progression with teachers.
• What does Leon Fernstein argue?


  The parent's education is the most important factor, in creating a stimulating environment by reading to their children.
• What was 'the third way'?


   To take the best of conservative and labour approaches, while strongly focusing on reducing achievement inequality and promoting greater diversity, choice and competition.
• Who came up with the ‘third way’?

  Tony Blair
• Children from working-class backgrounds are more likely to?

  • Start school without the ability to read
  • Fall behind in reading, writing and number skills
  • To be put in lower sets
• What is cultural deprivation?

  The lack of values, skills and attitudes.
• What was the elaborated code?


  Detailed and analytical speech which was more explicit.
• Who was more likely to speak in the elaborated code?


  The middle-class
• Who spoke of the elaborated code?

  Bernstein
• What was the restricted code?


  Language in simple sentences that were implicit. Much depended on gesture and expression.
• Who was more likely to speak in the restricted code?


  The working-class
• Who spoke of the restricted code?

  Bernstein
• What are external factors?


  Factors outside of school e.g. family background.
• Two examples of external factors:

  Material deprivation and cultural deprivation
• What is low culture?


  Forms of entertainment
• Two examples of low culture:


  Tv shows and romance novels
• What are examples of material deprivation?

  • No internet at home
  • No quiet space at home
  • Parent cannot afford the bus fare for parents' evening
  • Can't afford to live in the school catchment area
  • Bad diet - fast food
  • House mold - health = bad attendance because student would be unwell etc
• What do internal factors mean?


  Factors within the school e.g. teacher's expectations and pupil subcultures.
• What is compensatory education?


  Policies implemented to tackle material deprivation and cultural deprivation.
• What is material deprivation?


  The lack of material resources to support educational success.
• What sociologist can you link material deprivation to?


  Douglas found that children living in unsatisfactory conditions don't do as well in school tests as those from wealthier backgrounds.