Cell biology PMT

• What are the two main types of cells in living organisms?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?


  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus containing DNA
• What type of cells are bacterial cells classified as?

  Prokaryotic
• What are the main components of prokaryotic cells?


  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids
• What are organelles?


  Structures in a cell that have different functions
• How do we use orders of magnitude to compare sizes?


  • 10 times bigger: \(10^1\)
  • 1000 times bigger: \(10^3\)
  • 10 times smaller: \(10^{-1}\)
• What does the prefix 'centi' multiply a unit by?


  0.01
• What does the prefix 'milli' multiply a unit by?


  0.001
• What does the prefix 'micro' multiply a unit by?

  0.000001
• What does the prefix 'nano' multiply a unit by?


  0.000000001
• What are the functions of the main subcellular structures in animal and plant cells?


  • Nucleus: Contains DNA for protein coding
  • Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions
  • Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances
  • Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration
  • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
  • Chloroplasts (only in plants): Site of photosynthesis
  • Permanent vacuole (only in plants): Contains cell sap for rigidity
  • Cell wall (only in plants): Provides strength
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?


  It contains DNA coding for proteins needed to build new cells
• What is the function of mitochondria?


  Where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell
• What is the function of ribosomes?


  Where protein synthesis occurs
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  Where photosynthesis takes place, providing food for the plant
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?


  Contains cell sap and improves cell rigidity
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Provides strength to the cell
• How do bacterial cells differ from animal and plant cells?


  • Bacterial cells are prokaryotic
  • They have a single circular strand of DNA
  • They have plasmids
  • They lack a nucleus
• What is cell differentiation?

  • Process where cells gain new sub-cellular structures
  • Suits them to their specific role
  • Can occur early in development or throughout life (in stem cells)