modern medicine 1900-present

• Who were the key figures in discovering the structure of DNA?

  James Watson and Francis Crick
• What was the significance of the Human Genome Project?

  It aimed to identify and map every gene in human DNA.
• What did Mendel's work in the 19th century contribute to genetics?

  He showed how traits are inherited through genetic codes.
• What technology in the 20th century helped scientists understand DNA better?

  1. ray crystallography
• What are some genetic conditions that have been better understood due to DNA research?

  Down's syndrome and certain cancers
• What lifestyle factors have been found to negatively affect health since 1900?

  Smoking, drinking alcohol, and poor diet
• What is the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin in 1928
• What are 'magic bullets' in medicine?

  Drugs that target specific diseases without harming other cells
• How did the discovery of penicillin change medical treatment?

  It allowed for effective treatment of bacterial infections.
• What advancements in surgery were made in the 20th century?

  Keyhole and microsurgery techniques
• What is the role of the NHS established in 1948?


  To provide a wide range of healthcare services funded by taxes
• What are some preventive measures taken by the UK government since 1945?

  Funding vaccinations and improving sanitation
• What was the impact of the 1965 cigarette advertising ban?


  It aimed to reduce smoking rates and prevent lung cancer.
• What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

  Bloody cough, breathlessness, and unexplained weight loss
• How has the government tried to reduce lung cancer cases?

  By banning cigarette advertising and increasing tobacco taxes
• What are the key advancements in medical technology in the 20th and 21st centuries?

  • Microscopes
  • X-rays
  • MRI, CT, and ultrasound scans
  • Endoscopes
  • Blood pressure and blood sugar monitors
  • Insulin pumps and dialysis machines
  • Robotic surgery
• What are the major factors that contributed to the development of penicillin?

  • Alexander Fleming's discovery of antibacterial properties
  • Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's research and mass production efforts
  • US government funding during WWII
• What are the main treatments for lung cancer?

  • Surgery (tumor removal or lung transplant)
  • Radiotherapy (to shrink tumors)
  • Chemotherapy (to prevent cancer recurrence)
• What are the lifestyle campaigns funded by the government since 1948?

  • Campaigns against smoking
  • Change4Life initiative for healthy behavior
  • AIDS awareness campaigns
• What are the key components of the NHS services since 1948?

  • General practitioner visits
  • Hospital care and operations
  • Health checks for pregnant women and children
  • Preventative and emergency treatments
  • Elderly healthcare
• What has influenced medicine in modern Britain?

  Advances in technology and government involvement
• What is a magic bullet in medicine?

  A treatment that targets specific bacteria
• How has access to care improved in modern medicine?

  Through advancements in technology and government policies
• What lifestyle factors can lead to health problems?

  Poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, alcohol
• What was the British government's approach to health by c.1900?

  It moved away from laissez-faire policies
• What role does the government play in modern medicine?

  Funding research, passing legislation, educating public
• What significant legislation did Scotland pass in 2006?

  Ban on smoking in public places
• What has been the government's response to lung cancer deaths?

  Advertising campaigns about smoking dangers
• What discovery has advanced the understanding of disease causes?

  Discovery of DNA
• What does hereditary mean in the context of diseases?

  Passed from parents to children in genes
• When was the extra chromosome causing Down's syndrome discovered?

  1958
• When was the gene causing cystic fibrosis discovered?

  1989
• What is the significance of sickle cell anaemia's genetic understanding?

  It developed from the 1940s onwards
• What does diagnosis refer to in medicine?

  Identification of a disease or condition
• What are magic bullets in medical treatment?

  Chemicals that kill specific bacteria
• What are antibiotics used for?

  To control the spread of bacteria
• What technologies have improved diagnosis in medicine?

  X-rays, CT scans, heart rate monitors
• What does 'c.' stand for in historical context?

  Circa, meaning approximately
• How have advances in technology impacted medicine since c.1900?

  Led to better diagnosis and treatment options
• What are the key factors that have influenced medicine in the 20th century and beyond?

  • Improvements in technology
  • Better access to care
  • Understanding of lifestyle impacts
  • Government involvement in health
  • Advances in scientific knowledge