Overview

• How is crime and deviance described in the study material?


  It is considered socially constructed.
• Who described crime and deviance as culturally determined?


  Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
• How does the legality of arranged marriages differ between India and the UK?


  Arranged marriages are legal in India but not in the UK.
• What was acceptable in the UK a hundred years ago regarding child labor?


  It was acceptable to send a child to work.
• What change occurred regarding rape in marriage over the past century?


  Rape in marriage is now illegal.
• What does Plummer's situational deviance depend on?


  It depends on the actual context of behavior.
• Why is being naked in your own home not considered deviant?


  Because it is acceptable in that private context.
• What is societal deviance?


  It is behavior that society agrees is inappropriate.
• What is maternal deprivation linked to in terms of personality and criminality?


  It has led to two personalities that could possibly lead to criminality.
• What genetic abnormality is mentioned that may lead to increased aggression?


  Extra Y chromosome.
• What have PET scans shown about psychopaths?


  PET scans have shown they have physical brain abnormalities.
• What did the study of Italian criminals reveal about their physical features?


  They had abnormal physical features compared to the rest of the population.
• What does the functionalist perspective say about the positive functions of crime?


  It strengthens collective values and can lead to social change.
• What is Merton's strain theory related to?


  It explains that people commit crime to achieve the American Dream due to inequality of access.
• How many types of strain did Merton identify?


  Five types of strain.
• What is the first type of strain described by Merton?


  Conformity by working hard through acceptable channels.
• What does the term 'innovation' refer to in Merton's strain theory?


  Finding new ways to achieve goals, which may or may not be criminal.
• What does 'ritualism' mean in Merton's strain theory?


  Developing rituals of following rules obsessively while abandoning hope.
• What does 'retreatism' refer to in Merton's strain theory?


  Rejecting society and success as an aim, often turning to drugs and alcohol.
• What does 'rebellion' mean in Merton's strain theory?


  Creating a new set of goals and relationships.
• What does Hirschi's control theory suggest about crime?


  People break the law due to a breakdown in societal bonds.
• What are the four components of societal bonds in Hirschi's control theory?


  Attachment, belief, commitment, and involvement.
• How does a breakdown in societal bonds affect crime rates?


  If at least one bond breaks down, a person is more likely to commit crime.
• What did Cohen find regarding working-class boys and delinquent subcultures?


  They experience status frustration and form delinquent subcultures.
• What are the three types of delinquent subcultures identified by Cohen?


  Criminal, conflict, and retreatist subcultures.
• How does Miller view male working-class delinquency?


  As a normal part of macho lower-class culture.
• What do Marxists argue about capitalism and crime?


  Capitalism is criminogenic, causing the working class to commit crime to survive.
• What does Gordon suggest about working-class crime?


  It is not surprising that the working class commits crime, but they do not commit more of it.
• What is selective law enforcement according to Marxists?


  It focuses on policing and punishing the marginalized, particularly the working class.
• What does Raymond argue about crime?


  Crime of the powerful should be treated as a criminal offense and prosecuted.
• What is the influence of the ruling class on lawmaking?


  The law is influenced by the interests of the ruling class elite.
• What does Chambliss argue about laws for the rich and poor?


  There is one law for the rich and another for the poor.
• What do Snyder's arguments about capitalist states suggest?


  They create laws that criminalize working-class behavior while ignoring their own.
• What is the ideological function of crime according to the study material?


  It divides the working class by making them see criminals as their problem, not capitalism.
• What do neo-Marxists agree with regarding the economy and crime?


  They agree that the economy is the most important part of society and causes crime.
• How do neo-Marxists view crime in relation to capitalism?


  They see crime as a result of voluntary choice and political motivation.
• What does labeling theory focus on in relation to crime?


  It focuses on the processes of labeling and the consequences of being labeled as deviant.
• What is primary deviance according to labeling theory?


  It is an act that is not labeled as deviant by society.
• What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?


  It is deviance that follows after a person has been publicly labeled as deviant.
• How does labeling affect future criminal behavior?

  Being labeled as deviant can lead to committing more crime in the future.