RBE

• What are the three fundamental ideas of psychology discussed in the study material?

  Physical causation of behavior, the role of experience, and the evolutionary basis of mind and behavior
• What does the physical causation of behavior imply?


  Behavior and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically
• Who proposed the concept of dualism?


  Rene Descartes
• What did Hobbes' materialism assert about behavior?


  Behavior is completely a product of the body and thus physically caused
• What do British empiricists claim about thought and knowledge?


  All thought and knowledge are rooted in sensory experience
• What does nativism assert about knowledge?


  Some knowledge is innate and provides the foundation for human nature
• What is the evolutionary basis of mind and behavior?


  The body's machinery producing behavior and mental experiences is a product of evolution by natural selection
• Who proposed that natural selection underlies the evolution of behavioral tendencies?

  Charles Darwin
• What does the term "survival of the fittest" refer to?


  It refers to natural selection as a scientific foundation for nativist views of the mind
• What are the three major philosophical issues in psychology?


  • Free Will vs. Determinism
  • Mind-Brain Problem
  • Nature-Nurture Issue
• What is determinism in psychology?


  It is the idea that everything that happens has a cause that can be observed or measured
• What does free will imply in the context of psychology?


  It implies that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions
• What is dualism in the mind-brain problem?


  It holds that the mind is separate from the brain but controls the brain
• What is monism in the context of psychology?


  It is the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain
• What does the nature-nurture issue explore?


  It examines how differences in behavior relate to heredity and environment
• What are the Greek roots of the word psychology?

  Psyche (mind) and logos (knowledge, study)
• How is psychology defined in the study material?


  As the science of behavior and the mind
• What is the difference between behavior and mind in psychology?


  Behavior refers to observable actions, while mind refers to subjective experiences
• What is the purpose of psychology as a science?


  To uplift the human condition and improve people's lives
• What are the four main goals of psychology?


  1. Describe behavior
  2. Explain behavior
  3. Predict behavior
  4. Control behavior
• Who are the founders of structuralism?


  Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
• What is introspection in psychology?


  An attempt to directly study consciousness by having people report their experiences
• What is structuralism?


  An approach that attempts to define the structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences
• When is the founding of psychology as a formal discipline commonly dated?


  1879
• What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology?


  He opened the first university-based psychology laboratory and authored the first psychology textbook
• Who was the first American to work in Wundt's laboratory?

  1. Stanley Hall
• What is functionalism in psychology?


  It focuses on how behavior helps individuals adapt to environmental demands
• What did William James believe about habits?


  Habits develop to enable effective performance in daily life
• Who is associated with behaviorism?


  John Watson
• What does behaviorism promote?


  Psychology should limit itself to the study of observable behavior
• What is classical conditioning?


  A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a positive stimulus
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment?


  The food given to the dogs
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?


  The learned response to the conditioned stimulus, such as salivating to the bell
• What is operant conditioning?


  A learning process shaped by rewards and punishments
• What is positive reinforcement?


  Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase or maintain behavior
• What is negative punishment?


  Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
• What does Gestalt psychology emphasize?


  The whole of anything is greater than its parts
• What did Max Wertheimer contribute to psychology?


  He studied how the brain organizes and structures perceptions of the world
• What are the laws of Gestalt psychology?


  Similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure
• What is the focus of psychoanalysis?


  It emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives on behavior